The Natura 2000 network of protected areas is the centrepiece of European Union nature policy, currently covering almost one-fifth of the EU’s entire land territory plus large marine areas. This vast EU-wide network, which aims to conserve Europe’s most valuable and threatened species and habitats, has major impacts on land use throughout all Member States of the EU. This book critically assesses the origins and implementation of the Natura 2000 network, established under the Birds Directive of 1979 and the Habitats Directive of 1992. Based on original archival research and interviews with key participants, the book records a detailed history of the origins and negotiation of Natura 2000 policy and law, with the history of EU environmental policy provided as a framework. An historical institutionalist approach is adopted, which emphasises the importance of understanding legal and policy development as processes that unfold over time. Three phases in the history of EU environmental policy are identified and described, and the history of EU nature policy is placed within the context of these three phases. Informed by this history, the author presents a comprehensive summary and assessment of the law and policy that protects Natura 2000 sites at EU level, and reviews the nature conservation outcomes for the targeted species and habitats. The book reveals how a knowledge of the history of Natura 2000 enriches our understanding of key issues such as conflicts in establishing and conserving the Natura 2000 network, EU integration in the field of nature conservation, and the future of EU nature policy.

S’inscrivant dans le cadre des activités de l’Observatoire juridique Natura 2000, le thème du présent ouvrage porte sur les questions juridiques que soulève l’application par le juge national – constitutionnel, administratif et judiciaire – des dispositions relatives à Natura 2000, en vue d’évaluer la contribution du juge à l’effectivité de ces dernières. Corps de règles complexe, technique, faisant appel à des concepts scientifiques ardus à interpréter pour un non-scientifique, le régime Natura 2000 n’est guère aisé à appliquer pour un juge non spécialisé. Le recours à l’expertise est souvent indispensable pour déterminer dans quelle mesure tel ou tel standard – par exemple le caractère « significatif » d’un impact – a été respecté ou non. Pour cette raison, les solutions trouvées par le juge aux différents problèmes que pose l’application du régime Natura 2000 dans les différents États membres méritent l’attention et sera enrichissante tant pour le chercheur que pour le praticien. As part of the activities of the Legal Observatory Natura 2000, this book focuses on legal issues arising from the implementation by the national courts – constitutional, administrative and judicial ones – of the provisions relating to Natura 2000, in order to assess the contribution of the judge to the effectiveness of this regime. The enforcement of this legislation, which encompasses a complex body of technical rules, grounded on scientific concepts difficult to interpret for a non-scientist, is not easy to apply by a non-specialized judge. The use of expertise is essential to determine how a particular standard – for example the «significant» character of an impact – has been met or not. For this reason, the solutions found by the judge to the various problems arising from the application of the Natura 2000 provisions in the different Member States deserve attention and will be rewarding for both researchers and practitioners.

Protected areas are at the base of the most national and international conservation strategies. Due to the many unpredictable elements in ecology matters, each protected area requires a case-specific set of guidelines but a common issue is how to cope with human interaction. The management of protected areas is replete with challenges and the only way to gain understanding and achieve greater management possibilities is to exchange experiences and knowledge. Environmental managers are aware of that and together with scientists are looking for more modern and better solutions, both with respect to natural resources and human interactions in many issues regarding nature protection. This publication presents reviews and research results on protected areas management, as well as 12 case studies derived from around the world with the aim of improving management effectiveness of the protected areas.