This brief introduces the classification and mechanism of density gradient ultracentrifugation (DGUC) method with rich examples showing the versatility of such an efficient separation technique. It also gives a strict mathematical description and a computational optimization model to predict the best separation parameters for a given colloidal system. The concept of “Lab in a tube” is proposed in the last chapter, which allows the size-property relationship investigation, synthetic optimization and reaction/assembly mechanism exploration etc.

This book covers biological synthesis approaches for nanomaterials and nanoparticles, including introductory material on their structure, phase compositions and morphology, nanomaterials chemical, physical, and biological properties. The chapters of this book describe in sequence the synthesis of various nanoparticles by microorganisms, bacteria, yeast, algae, and actynomycetes; plant and plant extract-based synthesis; and green synthesis methods. Each chapter provides basic knowledge on the synthesis of nanomaterials, defines fundamental terms, and aims to build a solid foundation of knowledge, followed by explanations, examples, visual photographs, schemes, tables and illustrations. Each chapter also contains control questions, problem drills, as well as case studies that clarify theory and the explanations given in the text. This book is ideal for researchers and advanced graduate students in materials engineering, biotechnology, and nanotechnology fields. As a reference book this work is also appropriate for engineers in R&D and product manufacturing.

Based upon half a century of research by the authors, Physical and Chemical Separation in Water and Wastewater Treatment addresses the whole water cycle spectrum, from global hydrological cycle, urban-regional metabolic cycle to individual living and production cycle, with respect to quality control technology based on fundamental science and theories. For every treatment process, basic scientific and environmental physical and chemical natures are explained with respect to those of water and its impurities. Health danger and risks for human beings are also covered. The authors define water qualities on a “Water Quality Matrix” composed of 35 elements. The vertical axis (row), has individual 7digit impurity size from 10-10m (water molecule 3?) to 10-3m (0.1mm sand grains) and in the horizontal axis(column) there are 5 categories of surrogate chemical and biochemical quality indices. The same 35 element matrix is used to correspond with several typical water quality treatments, unit-operation/unit-process, with a suitable characteristic grouping of the elements. The authors then present “the Water Quality Conversion Matrix” or “Water Quality Treatment Matrix”. With respect to typical treatment processes, the basic concept and scientific background are explained and the background of the technologies is clarified. Mechanisms of the process are explained and a kinetic process is formulated. The kinetics are experimentally verified quantitatively with important equilibrium and rate constants. Based on the authors’ research, various new treatment technologies are proposed with high efficiency, high capacity and less energy, and with steady operation ability. This comprehensive reference book is intended for undergraduate and graduate students, and also serves as a guide book for practical engineers and industry and university researchers.

Plasmonic nanoparticles (NPs) represent an outstanding class of nanomaterials that have the capability to localize light at the nanoscale by exploiting a phenomenon called localized plasmon resonance. The book is aimed at reviewing recent efforts devoted to utilize NPs in many research fields, such as photonics, optics, and plasmonics. In this fram

Nanomaterials in Chromatography: Current Trends in Chromatographic Research Technology and Techniques provides recent advancements in the wide variety of chromatographic techniques applied to nanotechnology. As nanomaterials' unique properties can improve detection sensitivity and miniaturize the devices used in analytical procedures, they can substantially affect the evaluation and analysis ability of scientists and researchers and foster exciting developments in separation science. The book includes chapters on such crucial topics as the use of nanomaterials in sample preparation and the legalization of nanomaterials, along with a section on reducing the cost of the analysis process, both in terms of chemicals and time consumption. - Presents several techniques for nanomaterials in chromatography, including well-known materials like carbon nanomaterials and functionalized nanomaterials - Includes suggested readings at the end of each chapter for those who need further information or specific details, from standard handbooks, to journal articles - Covers not only applications of nanomaterials in chromatography, but also their environmental impact in terms of toxicity and economic effects

The membranes surrounding cells and organelles constitute their interface with the local environment. The functions of membrane proteins include cell/cell and cell/extracellular matrix recognition, the reception and transduction of extracellular signals, and the tra- port of proteins, solutes and water molecules. Abnormal membrane protein expression has profound biological effects and may, for example, underlie phenotypic and functional differences between normal and tumour cells. Moreover the accessibility, particularly of plasma proteins traversing the plasma membrane of cells, makes them of particular ut- ity to the therapeutic intervention in disease. Indeed, it is estimated that of all currently licensed pharmaceuticals, approximately 70% target proteins resident in the plasma m- brane. In theory, unbiased technologies such as proteomics have the power to de?ne patterns of membrane protein expression characteristic of distinct states of cellular development, differentiation or disease, and thereby identify novel markers of, or targets for intervention in, disease. However, although about 25% of open reading frames in fully sequenced genomes are estimated to encode integral membrane proteins, global analysis of membrane protein expression has proved problematic. Membrane protein analysis poses unique challenges at the level of extraction, solubilization, and separation in particular, and to a lesser extent of identi?cation and quantitation. These challenges have, however, fostered creativity, in- vation, and technical advances, many of which are brought together in Membrane P- teomics.

Nanotechnology is considered as one of the emerging fields of science. It has applications in different biological and technological fields which deal with the science of materials at nanoscale (10-9). On the other hand, biotechnology is another field that deals with contemporary challenges. Nanobiotechnology fills the gap between these two fields. It merges physical, chemical, and biological principles in a single realm. This combination opens up new possibilities. At nanoscale dimensions, it creates precise nanocrystals and nanoshells. Integrated nanomaterials are used with modified surface layers for compatibility with living systems, improved dissolution in water, or biorecognition leading to enhanced end results in biotechnological systems. These nanoparticles can also be hybridized with additional biocompatible substances in order to amend their qualities to inculcate novel utilities. Nanobiotechnology is used in bioconjugate chemistry by coalescing up the functionality of non-organically obtained molecular components and biological molecules in order to veil the immunogenic moieties for targeted drug delivery, bioimaging and biosensing. This book blends the science of biology, medicine, bioinorganic chemistry, bioorganic chemistry, material and physical sciences, biomedical engineering, electrical, mechanical, and chemical science to present a comprehensive range of advancements. The development of nano-based materials has made for a greater understanding of their characterization, using techniques such as transmission electron microscope, FTIR, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope EDX, and so on. This volume also highlights uses in environmental remediation, environmental biosensors and environmental protection. It also emphasizes the significance of nanobiotechnology to a series of medical applications viz., diagnostics, and therapeutics stem cell technology, tissue engineering enzyme engineering, drug development and delivery. In addition this book also offers a distinctive understanding of nanobiotechnology from researchers and educators and gives a comprehensive facility for future developments and current applications of nanobiotechnology.