As reuse of municipal water resource recovery facility (WRRF) effluent becomes vital to augment diminishing fresh drinking water resources, concern exists that conventional barriers may prove deficient and the upcycling of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) could prove harmful to human health and aquatic species if more effective and robust treatment barriers are not in place. There are no federal Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) regulations in place specifically for direct potable reuse (DPR) of WRRF effluent. Out of necessity, some states are developing their own DPR reuse regulations. Currently, reverse osmosis (RO) is the default full advanced treatment (FAT) barrier for CEC control. However, the potential exists for tight thin-film composite (TFC) nanofiltration (NF) membranes to provide acceptable CEC rejection efficacies for less capital, operations and maintenance (O&M), energy, and waste generated. Recognizing the inherent complexity of CEC rejection by membranes, this research program was designed to elucidate the vital predictive variables influencing the rejection of 96 CECs found in municipal WRRF effluents. Each of the CECs was cataloged by their intended use and quantitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) properties, and measured in secondary effluent samples from WRRFs in Texas and Oklahoma. These secondary effluent samples were then processed in bench-scale, stirred, dead-end pressure cells with water treatment industry-specified TFC NF and RO membranes. A multi-level, multi-variable model was developed to predict the probable rejection coefficients of CECs with the studied NF membrane. The model was developed from variables selected for their association with known membrane rejection mechanisms, CEC-specific QSAR properties, and characteristics of the actual solute matrix. R statistics software version 3.1.3 was utilized for property collinearity analysis, outlier analysis, and regression modeling. The Pearson correlation method was utilized for selection of the most vital predictor variables for modeling. The resulting Quantitative Molecular Properties Model (QMPM) predicted the NF rejection CECs based on size, ionic charge, and hydrophobicity. Furthermore, the QMPM was verified against a CEC rejection dataset published by an independent study for a similar commercially available TFC NF membrane.

Pollution of water sources with emerging contaminants (micropollutants) is a fact known worldwide. Although the risks of micropollutants in sources of water are partly recognized, interpretation of consequences are controversial; thus, the future effects of altered water with micropollutants remains uncertain and may constitute a point of conc

This book provides a novel exploration of the application of nanofiltration membrane technology for sustainability in various industries, situated in view of recent breakthroughs and the use of reuse, recycle and resource recovery approaches. Moving from a comprehensive discussion of nanofiltration membrane processes to case studies and real-world applications of nanofiltration technology across society, both successes and potential limitations are considered. Features: Detailed discussion of the fundamentals of nanofiltration technology The concepts of reuse, recycle and resource recovery using nanofiltration technology are explored in combination with other technologies to advance circular economy Considered across a range of industries, such as textiles, oil, gas, agriculture and pharmaceutics Written in a thoroughly detailed manner, this book is an essential guide for industry professionals interested in sustainability and working toward a circular economy. Comprehensive discussions of the fundamental processes underpinning nanofiltration technology also make this book particularly appealing to students of industrial chemistry.

The nanofiltration technique lies between ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis techniques, and it is considered a low-cost process and is capable of removing pesticides, organic matter, desalination of sea water, oil process and pollutants from industrial wastewater. However, the main challenge in implementation of nanofiltration membrane is its ability towards fouling and low performance at high temperature. The use of nanoparticles in the manufacturing of membranes allows for a high degree of control over membrane fouling. Nanoparticle-based membranes can be developed by assembling engineered nanoparticles into porous membranes or blending them with polymeric or inorganic membranes. This book covers topics from multiple ranges from manufacturing of nanofiltration membranes and their applications in wastewater treatment, drinking water treatment, and removal of pollutants, to addressing the fouling issues.

An updated guide to the growing field of nanofiltration including fundamental principles, important industrial applications as well as novel materials With contributions from an international panel of experts, the revised second edition of Nanofiltration contains a comprehensive overview of this growing field. The book covers the basic principles of nanofiltration including the design and characterizations of nanofiltration membranes. The expert contributors highlight the broad ranges of industrial applications including water treatment, food, pulp and paper, and textiles. The book explores photocatalytic nanofiltration reactors, organic solvent nanofiltration, as well as nanofiltration in metal and acid recovery. In addition, information on the most recent developments in the field are examined including nanofiltration retentate treatment and renewable energy-powered nanofiltration. The authors also consider the future of nanofiltration materials such as carbon- as well as polymer-based materials. This important book: Explores the fast growing field of the membrane process of nanofiltration Examines the rapidly expanding industrial sector's use of membranes for water purification Covers the most important industrial applications with a strong focus on water treatment Contains a section on new membrane materials, including carbon-based and polymer-based materials, as well as information on artificial ion and water channels as biomimetic membranes Written for scientists and engineers in the fields of chemistry, environment, food and materials, the second edition of Nanofiltration provides a comprehensive overview of the field, outlines the principles of the technology, explores the industrial applications, and discusses new materials.

Expanding water reuse-the use of treated wastewater for beneficial purposes including irrigation, industrial uses, and drinking water augmentation-could significantly increase the nation's total available water resources. Water Reuse presents a portfolio of treatment options available to mitigate water quality issues in reclaimed water along with new analysis suggesting that the risk of exposure to certain microbial and chemical contaminants from drinking reclaimed water does not appear to be any higher than the risk experienced in at least some current drinking water treatment systems, and may be orders of magnitude lower. This report recommends adjustments to the federal regulatory framework that could enhance public health protection for both planned and unplanned (or de facto) reuse and increase public confidence in water reuse.