This book provides two new optimization algorithms to address real optimization problems. Optimization is a fundamental concept in engineering and science, and its applications are needed in many fields. From designing products and systems to developing algorithms and models, optimization plays a critical role in achieving efficient and effective solutions to complex problems. Optimization algorithms inspired by nature have proven effective in solving a wide range of problems, including those in engineering, finance, and machine learning. These algorithms are often used when traditional optimization techniques are impractical due to the size or complexity of the problem. In this book, we are presenting two new optimization algorithms inspired by plant roots and the Mycorrhiza Network. The first algorithm is called the Continuous Mycorrhiza Optimization Algorithm (CMOA), which was proposed based on the model of the Continuous Lotka-Volterra System Equations. The second algorithm is called the Discrete Mycorrhiza Optimization Algorithm (DMOA), which design based on the model of Discrete Lotka-Volterra System Equations. By mastering the proposed algorithms, the readers able to develop innovative solutions that improve efficiency, reduce costs, and improve performance in the corresponding field of work.

In this book, recent theoretical developments on fuzzy logic, neural networks and optimization algorithms, as well as their hybrid combinations, are presented. In addition, the above-mentioned methods are presented in application areas such as, intelligent control and robotics, pattern recognition, medical diagnosis, decision-making, time series prediction and optimization of complex problems. The book contains a collection of papers focused on hybrid intelligent systems based on soft computing techniques. There are a group of papers with the main theme of type-1 and type-2 fuzzy logic, which basically consists of papers that propose new concepts and algorithms based on type-1 and type-2 fuzzy logic and their applications. There also a group of papers that offer theoretical concepts and applications of meta-heuristics in different areas. Another group of papers outlines diverse applications of fuzzy logic, neural networks and hybrid intelligent systems in medical problems. There are also some papers that present theory and practice of neural networks in different application areas. In addition, there are papers that offer theory and practice of optimization and evolutionary algorithms in different application areas. Finally, there are a group of papers describing applications of fuzzy logic, neural networks and meta-heuristics in pattern recognition and classification problems.

This book consists of the papers accepted after a careful review process at an international scientific meeting where the latest developments on intelligent and fuzzy systems are presented and discussed. The latest developments in both the theoretical and practical fields of the new fuzzy set extensions have been prepared by expert researchers. Contributed by participants from more than 40 different countries, this book is also a useful resource in terms of showing the levels that fuzzy and intelligent systems have reached in various countries of the world. The intended readers are intelligent and fuzzy systems researchers, lecturers, M.Sc., and Ph.D. students studying fuzzy sets and artificial intelligence. The book covers fuzzy logic theory and applications, heuristics, and metaheuristics from optimization to machine learning, from quality management to risk management, making the book an excellent source for researchers.

This book, prepared by participants of the European network COST ACTION 810 (1989-93) is the outcome of a meeting held in Switzerland (Einsiedeln, September 29 to October 2, 1993) on the "Impact of arbuscular mycorrhizas on sustainable agriculture and natural ecosystems". COST(Cooperation Scientifique et Technique) Networks were created in 1971 by the Commission of European Communities, and later enlarged to include non-European Member States, to promote pre-competitive scientific and technical research in fields of common interest. During the eighties, COST ACTIONS were launched in bio technological fields, including the network on arbuscular mycorrhizas. Arbuscular mycorrhizas are a universally found symbiosis between plants and certain soil fungi and essential components of soil-plant systems. They act as a major inter face by influencing or regulating resource allocation between abiotic and biotic components of the soil-plant system. Arbuscular mycorrhizas are involved in many key ecosystem processes including nutrient cycling and conservation of soil struc ture, and have been shown to improve plant health through increased protection against abiotic and biotic stresses. Sustainability can be defined as the successful management of resources to satisfy changing human needs while maintaining or enhancing the quality of the environ ment and conserving resources. Increasing environmental degradation and instability, due to anthropogenic activities and in particular the increasing fragility of the soil resource, has led to an increased awareness of the need to develop practices resulting in more sustainable natural and agroecosystems.