First published in 1994, this book explores the paradigm of muscles as molecular and metabolic machines in which all structures and functions are exquisitely integrated and matched to each other. The analysis begins with a standard reductionist approach-reviewing the integrated machine parts. The key working components of the complete muscle machine are proteins (soluble, organelle, or membrane localized), and a conservative count indicates that today more than 100 such machine parts are known, essentially all occurring as cell specific isoforms. Random assortment of these machine parts or protein isoforms could generate an astronomical number of "muscle machines" and an equally enormous number of muscle fiber types. The question is, why aren't such large numbers ever seen? To attack this problem, the reductionist approach is complemented with an integrationist/adaptational one. Evidence is presented that the more highly specialized the muscle type, the further one moves from the above extreme; in the most highly specialized muscles, typically only one fiber type is found. It is argued that instead of random assortment of isoforms or machine parts, only specific and often unique combinations can work in appropriate fashion. A few established examples of this fundamental principle are reviewed, but emphasis is placed on the fact that we know dreadfully little about why this is so and what kinds of further studies are needed. The issue of why the very large numbers of fiber types theoretically possible are never even approximately realized has never before been addressed. Indeed, it is rarely recognized. Muscles as Molecular and Metabolic Machines is the first work of its kind on the subject.

It is a commonly held belief that athletes, particularly body builders, have greater requirements for dietary protein than sedentary individuals. However, the evidence in support of this contention is controversial. This book is the latest in a series of publications designed to inform both civilian and military scientists and personnel about issues related to nutrition and military service. Among the many other stressors they experience, soldiers face unique nutritional demands during combat. Of particular concern is the role that dietary protein might play in controlling muscle mass and strength, response to injury and infection, and cognitive performance. The first part of the book contains the committee's summary of the workshop, responses to the Army's questions, conclusions, and recommendations. The remainder of the book contains papers contributed by speakers at the workshop on such topics as, the effects of aging and hormones on regulation of muscle mass and function, alterations in protein metabolism due to the stress of injury or infection, the role of individual amino acids, the components of proteins, as neurotransmitters, hormones, and modulators of various physiological processes, and the efficacy and safety considerations associated with dietary supplements aimed at enhancing performance.

Suitable for graduates and undergraduates in environmental biology, comparative physiology, and marine biology, this text lays out the principles of mechanistic comparative physiology in an ecological and evolutionary context. This text lays out the principles of mechanistic comparative physiology in an ecological and evolutionary context. The subject of evolutionary physiology has been advancing considerably and this book will bring readers up to date on a number of new techniques, ideas and data. Topics include NMR spectroscopy and molecular biology, evolution and adaptation, phylogenetically-based analytical techniques and more.

This book presents an authoritative review of the research regarding the influences of anabolic-androgenic steroids on metabolism. The book provides a concise description of the biochemistry of these steroids using simple terms and includes methods of separation and their clinical applications. The first section of the book examines the general structure, nomenclature, and classification of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Subsequent chapters explore concepts basic to understanding the pathways of their metabolism in both target and non-target tissues, including the interactions of steroids with receptors and the effects of steroids on the cellular metabolism of skeletal muscle. The changes and molecular base of modifications in metabolism during exercise involving anabolic-androgenic steroids are also described. Finally, a comprehensive review of methods for scanning and identifying anabolic-androgenic steroids in biological fluids is presented, as well as a discussion regarding the applicability and limitations of these techniques. The book provides valuable reference information for all scientists and clinicians engaged in sports medicine, exercise biochemistry, and endocrinology.

This book addresses how the general principles of biology influence the human capacity for locomotion, and, conversely, how understanding the nature of muscular activity might provide insights into the basic nature of living beings. Through a series of essays, the book relates the evolutionary basis of animal locomotion to recognizing the determinants of exercise capacity. While raising more questions than providing answers, the discussions will assume that without knowing the correct questions to ask, the answers will not be forthcoming. At the root of this book lies the central query: what is it that separates the principles governing the function of living beings from those that dictate the inanimate world? The discussions here address this issue from the expectation that clues to the answer can be obtained through understanding adaptations to the stresses imposed by physical exercise. As such, the book provides thought-provoking analyses of the biological basis of locomotion that will stimulate future efforts to understand these phenomena.