The story of a man navigating an era of upheaval, persecution, and suspicion: “A must read for students of 20th-century political and intellectual history.” —Robert Cohen, Professor of History and Social Studies Education, New York University Drawing on family papers, wide-ranging interviews, FBI files, American and German newspapers, a wide array of published sources, and her own memories, Carol Sicherman traces Harry Marks’s German American heritage, his education both formal and informal, his marriage to a fellow Communist from a poor Russian family, his rocky start as an academic, his anguish when confronted by his Communist past, and his ultimate creation of a satisfying career. Her sleuthing encompasses as well the paths to safety taken by his German friends as they found sanctuary around the world—in Russia, England, France, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Turkey, Palestine, Brazil, the United States, and Canada. “Of particular interest is Carol Sicherman's carefully researched description of the anti-Semitic atmosphere that Jewish students encountered at Harvard in the twenties and thirties, as well as the experience of a young American thrown into the turmoil accompanying the collapse of Germany's democracy and the appeal of Communism as an alternative to Nazism.” —Curt F. Beck, Professor Emeritus of Political Science, University of Connecticut

This study shows how politics and art intermingled in the life and works of one of the most renowned playwrights of German Expressionism, a man who was in many senses paradigmatic of the non-communist Left in the Weimar Republic. Toller sought to preserve the sanctity of the individual against collectivist assaults from the Right and from the Left, but at the same time to meet the needs of a complex society. Ossar demonstrates that the playwright arrived at solutions that were anarchist in nature, deriving from a long European tradition. This is the first in-depth book-length study of Toller and his plays published in English.