Fatigue failures occur in aerospace,marine,nuclear structures and automobile com ponents from initiation and propagation of cracks from holes,scratches or defects in the material. To design against these failures, crack propagation life and fracture strength need to be accurately predicted. It is reported in the literature, that these failures often initiate as surface cracks, corner cracks and cracks emanating from fastner holes. Such cracks are with elliptic or nearly elliptic in shapes. The deviation from elliptic shape is due to varying constraint effect along the crack front. Even in situations, when the cracks are through the thickness of the material, there would be thicknesswise variation of constraint effects leading to three dimensional nature of crack growth. Accurate predictions of the crack growth in these cases by numerical methods can be made only by solving three-dimensional boundary value problems. Empirical relationships have been developed [1] based on Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics over years describing fatigue crack growth response. Some of these empirical relationships required modifications in the later stages, to meet the design applications. The Crack closure phenomenon discovered by Elber[2, 3] during the crack growth phase is mainly attributed to the local material yielding near the crack tip and the consequent residual plastic wake behind the crack tip. It helped considerably in understanding several aspects of fatigue crack growth and rewrite these relations.

Engineering has always been the driving force behind some of humanity's greatest achievements. This discipline has not only created technological innovations and structural wonders but has also played a pivotal role in the development, sustainability, and well-being of societies. In this book, we embark on an extensive journey through engineering, exploring its fundamental principles and the latest advancements. Our text comprehensively examines the cornerstones of engineering, tracing the evolution of the discipline and addressing some of the greatest engineering challenges of our time. We offer an in-depth look into various fields, from biomedical to computer engineering, electrical and electronics to mechanical and mechatronics, and from metallurgy and materials to civil engineering. We hope this work inspires engineering students, professionals, and anyone interested in this exhilarating field. The aim is to demonstrate that engineering transcends technical skills, intertwining with problem-solving, innovation, and contributing to the future of humanity. The book underscores that engineering is not just a profession but a passion and a way of life. The information and case studies presented herein invite readers to delve into the depths of the engineering world, reflecting the spirit of continuous change and innovation in this field. As we explore how engineering plays a critical role in overcoming humanity's greatest challenges and building a better world, I invite you to join us on this exciting journey.

Process Intensification: Engineering for Efficiency, Sustainability and Flexibility is the first book to provide a practical working guide to understanding process intensification (PI) and developing successful PI solutions and applications in chemical process, civil, environmental, energy, pharmaceutical, biological, and biochemical systems. Process intensification is a chemical and process design approach that leads to substantially smaller, cleaner, safer, and more energy efficient process technology. It improves process flexibility, product quality, speed to market and inherent safety, with a reduced environmental footprint. This book represents a valuable resource for engineers working with leading-edge process technologies, and those involved research and development of chemical, process, environmental, pharmaceutical, and bioscience systems. - No other reference covers both the technology and application of PI, addressing fundamentals, industry applications, and including a development and implementation guide - Covers hot and high growth topics, including emission prevention, sustainable design, and pinch analysis - World-class authors: Colin Ramshaw pioneered PI at ICI and is widely credited as the father of the technology

Under the conditions of the Fifth Industrial Revolution, there appears e-business 5.0, a new model of entrepreneurship in which humans and artificial intelligence (AI) are not opposed but systematically combined and effectively used. Because the core of e-business 5.0 is intelligent systems, the most important role in its development belongs to the management of technologies and innovations. Smart technologies may supplement or replace human resources in business processes, which involves various options of their combination and distribution of labor. This complicates things and requires a new approach to management in e-business 5.0. Smart Technologies and Innovations in E-Business is devoted to comprehensive research of e-business 5.0. This book discusses the systematization of international experience, determination of prospects, and development of recommendations for the improvement of the management of smart technologies and innovations in e-business 5.0. Covering topics such as big data, entrepreneurial development and dynamics, and mobile payment systems, this book is an essential resource for entrepreneurs, business executives and managers, e-commerce professionals, digital marketing experts, technology developers and engineers, academicians and researchers, policy makers and regulators, postgraduate educators and students, and more.