Excerpt from Modern and Contemporary European History The Protestant Revolution had broken up the religious monopoly Of the Catholic Church, but it had by no means established religious equality, or even tolera The system tion. Indeed, Protestant theologians like Luther, of national Calvin, Knox, andcranmer were as insistent on churches conformity to the established religion as their Catholic opponents. The fundamental principle Of the Protestant Revolution was religious independence rather than religious freedom, the idea that every nation had the right to estab lish its own type Of Christianity. One World, one Faith, had been the demand Of the Catholic. In the warfare Of creeds in the seventeenth century, the futility Of this ideal became apparent, and a new principle, one Nation, one Faith, took its place. But as the nation had not yet attained any adequate means Of self-expression, the mon arch and the governing class were generally able to force upon it their own form of religion. Hence it came about that the religion of the king became by law the religion Of the people, and Official churches were organized to preach it. This is how we get the system of established churches. Toleration was the one thing that both Catholics and Protestants rejected. Conformity to the national religion was the law everywhere; hence nonconformists and free thinkers found themselves persons without a country. The degree Of intolerance varied with the strength Of the estab lished Church. In Spain, where Catholic hegemony was unchallenged, heretics were still burned at the stake. In England, where the established Anglican Church had many opponents, both Catholic and Protestant, nonconformists were merely fined and imprisoned. The Church, particu larly in Catholic countries, was very wealthy, as it owned vast tracts Of land which yielded enormous revenues. In addition, a special tax, called the tithe, was levied on the people, irrespective Of their religious beliefs, for the benefit Of the Official religion. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.

Fixes the important developments of the period not only in the political framework of the time, but also in their social and cultural context. These essays throw new light on the European situation between 1890 and the Second World War.Themes in European History treats in thematic fashion a period of great change and upheaval in Europe. A collection of twelve essays by five leading historians, this textbook:* highlights important developments and changes that occurred* sets these changes in their social and cultural context as well as in the political framework* concentrates on the most important powers in Europe* vompletes each essay with suggestions for further reading to guide your students into continuing their research.Whereas other textbooks of this period focus on the political events, Themes in Modern European History uses a comparative history of institutions and societies, with emphasis on the cultural changes as well.Students are provided with the whole picture of events and are made aware of the wider consequences of the changes taking place - enabling them to understand all aspects of the dramatic transformation of Europe from 1890-1945.

The volume explores the relationship between religion and violence in Europe from the Middle Ages to the Early modern period, involving European and Japanese scholars. It investigates the ideological foundations of the relationship between violence and religion and their development in a varied corpus of sources (political and theological treatises, correspondence of missionaries, pamphlets, and images).

During the First World War, mass media achieved an enormous and continuously growing importance in all belligerent countries. Newspaper, illustrated magazines, comics, pamphlets, and instant books, fi ctional works, photography, and the new-born “theater of imagery”, the cinema, were crucial in order to create a heroic vision of the events, to mobilize and maintain the consensus on the war. But their role was pivotal also in creating the image of the war’s end and fi nally, together with a widespread, new literary genre, the war memoirs, to shape the collective memory of the confl ict for the next generations. Even before November 1918, the media raised high expectations for a multifaceted peace: a new global order, the beginning of a peaceful era, the occasion for a regenerating apocalypse. Likewise, in the following decades, particularly war literature and cinema were pivotal to reverse the icon of the Great War as an epic crusade and a glorious chapter of the national history and to create the hegemonic image of a senseless carnage. The Mediatization of War and Peace focalizes on the central role played by mass media in the tortuous transition to the post-war period as well as on the profound disenchantment generated by their prophesies.