With the advancement of nanometer scale processes in CMOS technologies, the demand for high performance VLSI systems continues to grow exponentially. The performance of a microprocessor is influenced by its clock distribution network. Clock skew penalizes the overall performance of the system. The task of minimizing clock skew in clock distribution networks continues to be critical in high speed circuits to maximize system performance. The objective of this research is to design a low skew clock distribution network by inserting Delay-Locked Loops with buffers along different clock paths of the clock distribution network. The delay-locked loops use delay lines which produce significantly lower skew and jitter than phase-locked loops. Clock skew can be reduced by employing DLLs in several appropriate places of the clock distribution network. The approach of distributing DLLs in a clock distribution network requires additional area but greatly improves the performance of VLSI systems.

Eleven chapters address design concepts, techniques, and research results relating to clock distribution in microprocessors and high-performance chips. Chapters provide an overview to the design of clock networks; timing requirements in digital design; circuits of sequential elements including latches and flip-flops; domino circuits; phase-locked loop and delay-locked loop; clock distribution techniques; the CAD flow on the lock network simulation; research results on low- voltage swing clock distribution; the possibilities of placing the global clock tree on the package layers; the algorithms of balanced clock routing and wire sizing for the skew minimization; and a commercial CAD tool dealing with clock tree synthesis in the ASIC design flow. Includes a glossary. Annotation (c)2003 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com).

Featuring an extensive 40 page tutorial introduction, this carefully compiled anthology of 65 of the most important papers on phase-locked loops and clock recovery circuits brings you comprehensive coverage of the field-all in one self-contained volume. You'll gain an understanding of the analysis, design, simulation, and implementation of phase-locked loops and clock recovery circuits in CMOS and bipolar technologies along with valuable insights into the issues and trade-offs associated with phase locked systems for high speed, low power, and low noise.

A number of fundamental topics in the field of high performance clock distribution networks is covered in this book. High Performance Clock Distribution Networks is composed of ten contributions from authors at academic and industrial institutions. Topically, these contributions can be grouped within three primary areas. The first topic area deals with exploiting the localized nature of clock skew. The second topic area deals with the implementation of these clock distribution networks, while the third topic area considers more long-range aspects of next-generation clock distribution networks. High Performance Clock Distribution Networks presents a number of interesting strategies for designing and building high performance clock distribution networks. Many aspects of the ideas presented in these contributions are being developed and applied today in next-generation high-performance microprocessors.

This book presents a novel approach to the analysis and design of all-digital phase-locked loops (ADPLLs), technology widely used in wireless communication devices. The authors provide an overview of ADPLL architectures, time-to-digital converters (TDCs) and noise shaping. Realistic examples illustrate how to analyze and simulate phase noise in the presence of sigma-delta modulation and time-to-digital conversion. Readers will gain a deep understanding of ADPLLs and the central role played by noise-shaping. A range of ADPLL and TDC architectures are presented in unified manner. Analytical and simulation tools are discussed in detail. Matlab code is included that can be reused to design, simulate and analyze the ADPLL architectures that are presented in the book.

Phase-Locked Loops for Wireless Communications: Digitial, Analog and Optical Implementations, Second Edition presents a complete tutorial of phase-locked loops from analog implementations to digital and optical designs. The text establishes a thorough foundation of continuous-time analysis techniques and maintains a consistent notation as discrete-time and non-uniform sampling are presented. New to this edition is a complete treatment of charge pumps and the complementary sequential phase detector. Another important change is the increased use of MATLAB®, implemented to provide more familiar graphics and reader-derived phase-locked loop simulation. Frequency synthesizers and digital divider analysis/techniques have been added to this second edition. Perhaps most distinctive is the chapter on optical phase-locked loops that begins with sections discussing components such as lasers and photodetectors and finishing with homodyne and heterodyne loops. Starting with a historical overview, presenting analog, digital, and optical PLLs, discussing phase noise analysis, and including circuits/algorithms for data synchronization, this volume contains new techniques being used in this field. Highlights of the Second Edition: Development of phase-locked loops from analog to digital and optical, with consistent notation throughout; Expanded coverage of the loop filters used to design second and third order PLLs; Design examples on delay-locked loops used to synchronize circuits on CPUs and ASICS; New material on digital dividers that dominate a frequency synthesizer's noise floor. Techniques to analytically estimate the phase noise of a divider; Presentation of optical phase-locked loops with primers on the optical components and fundamentals of optical mixing; Section on automatic frequency control to provide frequency-locking of the lasers instead of phase-locking; Presentation of charge pumps, counters, and delay-locked loops. The Second Edition includes the essential topics needed by wireless, optics, and the traditional phase-locked loop specialists to design circuits and software algorithms. All of the material has been updated throughout the book.