-God only knows what I'd be without you-, sang the Beach Boys in 1966. A certain item of knowledge is here attributed to God - knowledge, so it is said, that no-one else possesses. Some say that this knowledge behaves like that of a super-psychologist, while others say that it is -middle knowledge- - God knows what would have become of the singer in a non-actual world, given certain free decisions of others. This book collects all major contributions to the question whether middle knowledge is possible at all, and if so, what help it would be in spelling out, for example, the doctrine of divine providence."

This updated edition by one of the world's leading apologists presents a systematic, positive case for Christianity that reflects the latest work in the contemporary hard sciences and humanities. Brilliant and accessible.

Most Christians believe God is in control, but they are unsure of how to reconcile that control with their struggles with sin, the command to evangelize, and the immense suffering in the world and their own lives. Laing offers an introduction to the doctrine of providence based on the theory of middle knowledge, first articulated in the sixteenth century. This view describes how creatures have true free will and God has perfect knowledge of what each creature could and would do in any circumstance. Middle knowledge helps answer the most perplexing theological questions: predestination and salvation, the existence of evil, divine and human authorship of Scripture, and science and the Christian faith. Laing provides extensive biblical support as well as practical applications for this theology.

Spanish theologian Luis de Molina is enjoying a quiet resurgence among Protestant scholars, a late appreciation for the Reformation-era Jesuit and contemporary of Calvin and Arminius. In the first full work ever on Molina, author Kirk R. MacGregor explores the life and original contributions of the brilliant philosophical theologian.

The theory of "Middle Knowledge" ascribes to God a particular type of knowledge - that he sees not simply what each free creature could do in any circumstance, but what it would do in any circumstance. This type of knowledge is claimed to be helpful to explain how God has perfect foreknowledge, while creatures are free. But is such a knowledge possible, even for God? The author argues that the arguments against it do not stand, and that therefore the theory of "Middle Knowledge" is tenable. The arguments against the coherence of "Middle Knowledge" are examined, of which the most important is that counterfactuals of freedom could not exist (chapter 2). Then the arguments against the adequacy of the theory of "Middle Knowledge" are examined, such as whether or not counterfactual power over the past is implied by the theory of "Middle Knowledge" (chapter 3). A separate chapter is devoted to 'background problems', such as the specific concept of freedom, the notion of God's concurrence, and our view on the nature of possible worlds (chapter 4).

Thomas P. Flint develops and defends the idea of divine providence sketched by Luis de Molina, the sixteenth-century Jesuit theologian. The Molinist account of divine providence reconciles two claims long thought to be incompatible: that God is the all-knowing governor of the universe and that individual freedom can prevail only in a universe free of absolute determinism. The Molinist concept of middle knowledge holds that God knows, though he has no control over, truths about how any individual would freely choose to act in any situation, even if the person never encounters that situation. Given such knowledge, God can be truly providential while leaving his creatures genuinely free. Divine Providence is by far the most detailed and extensive presentation of the Molinist view ever written.Middle knowledge is hotly debated in philosophical theology, and the controversy spills over into metaphysics and moral philosophy as well. Flint ably defends the concept against its most influential contemporary critics, and shows its importance to Christian practice. With particular originality and sophistication, he applies Molinism to such aspects of providence as prayer, prophecy, and the notion of papal infallibility, teasing out the full range of implications for traditional Christianity.

Calvinism and Middle Knowledge is an anthology of essays that moves the discussion of Molinism/middle knowledge out of the philosophical arena, where it has almost exclusively remained, and into the broader theological community. In particular, it sparks a conversation between Calvinists and Molinists regarding the fruitfulness or deficiencies of middle knowledge and the feasibility or infeasibility of Calvinist use of middle knowledge without acceptance of libertarian human freedom. To this end, nine distinguished experts address such topics as the history of the doctrine of middle knowledge, the potential role of Molinism in discussions of evolution and intelligent design, Calvinist concerns with Molinism, and Calvinist appropriation of middle knowledge. This book empowers theologians, historians, biblical scholars, and pastors to join the ongoing conversation and to judge for themselves what explanatory role middle knowledge may or may not play in accounts of providence and practical theology.