This text examines the technology behind the plethora of modern industrial and domestic technologies which incorporate micro-optics eg. CDs, cameras, automated manufacturing systems, mobile communications etc. It includes a simple but comprehensive introduction to micro-optical developments design, and an overview of fabrication and replication technology. The theoretical, practical and industrial developments in micro-scale optoelectronics continue apace in the late 1990s. In this book, a distinguished group of physicists and engineers describe the current state of research and applications in micro-optics. It provides the theoretical background and an overview of current technology, with several chapters taking a deeper look at specific recent applications and future trends. The book concentrates on diffractive and refractive micro- optical elements, such as lenses, fan-out gratings, optimized phase elements and polarisers. Sections are included on the simulation and optimization of design for micro-optics and subsequently the efficient transformation from design to real optical elements, using techniques such as e-beam writing, laser beam writing, lithography, etching and thin film deposition.

Supported with 140 illustrations, the volume exhaustively covers the micro- and nano-system technologies involved in developing cell-based bioengineering applications. You get full details on efforts to engineer the soluble and insoluble cell microenvironments, including the latest advances in microfluidic devices, surface patterning, 3D scaffolds, and techniques for engineering cellular mechanical properties and topography.