In this project researchers developed a practical, low-cost chemical analyzer for real-time monitoring of trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) in drinking water distribution systems. THMs and HAAs are possibly harmful to humans if ingested. For this reason the US Environmental Protection Agency established maximum contaminant levels. Future regulations might lower the MCL of these substances. Real-time monitoring of THMs and HAAs will become necessary for future regulatory compliance.

The project has led To The development of several

Covering the latest developments in themes related to water disinfection by-products, this book brings the academic and industry researchers right up to date.

Protecting and maintaining water distributions systems is crucial to ensuring high quality drinking water. Distribution systems-consisting of pipes, pumps, valves, storage tanks, reservoirs, meters, fittings, and other hydraulic appurtenances-carry drinking water from a centralized treatment plant or well supplies to consumers' taps. Spanning almost 1 million miles in the United States, distribution systems represent the vast majority of physical infrastructure for water supplies, and thus constitute the primary management challenge from both an operational and public health standpoint. Recent data on waterborne disease outbreaks suggest that distribution systems remain a source of contamination that has yet to be fully addressed. This report evaluates approaches for risk characterization and recent data, and it identifies a variety of strategies that could be considered to reduce the risks posed by water-quality deteriorating events in distribution systems. Particular attention is given to backflow events via cross connections, the potential for contamination of the distribution system during construction and repair activities, maintenance of storage facilities, and the role of premise plumbing in public health risk. The report also identifies advances in detection, monitoring and modeling, analytical methods, and research and development opportunities that will enable the water supply industry to further reduce risks associated with drinking water distribution systems.