This work is aimed primarily at health sector professionals who participate in disaster preparedness, response, and mitigation. The intersectoral perspective is now so essential, however, that anyone interested in disaster reduction will find here a useful primer. Public health students and professors also can rely on this book as a manual for formal or informal courses.

The great increase in natural phenomena with high destructive potential, that have materialized in events with social and economic catastrophic consequences for people and governments during the last decades, show the urgent need to investigate the issue of prevention. This thesis aims to analyze and discuss the strategies used in managing risk and provide possible strategies for intervention in the countries affected by natural disasters. The analysis of different study cases allows to evaluate the best and the worst planning practices employed in different times and contexts, the circumstances that let the disaster happened and why a country is considered more or less vulnerable. The review of the study cases includes the analysis of the concepts of emergency architecture, emergency planning and post-disaster reconstruction, with the purpose of understanding the contributions provided by the architecture, the governments, the citizens and the institutions responsible for disaster management in such situations. The study cases that have been selected are representative samples of the different possible scenarios in the world. ltaly, Chile, Japan and the United States have a high exposure to seismic and hydro-meteorological natural phenomena with a high destructive potential. All the four countries have shown that a high level of exposure, combined with accentuated features of social, economic, physical, environmental and political vulnerability, generales an increasing in the incidence of disasters. One of the main reasons at the base of the choice of the study cases is that I have lived in person the experience of the disasters and I took part in the reconstruction practices in some of the countries selected. The purpose of this thesis is to provide some basic tools to reduce risk of natural disasters, by defining a new approach to both disaster management and prevention of emergency, that is formulated in the frame of urban ecology. lt aims to develop a database and a set of indicators of global observation with a level of local detail that are supposed to aid the understanding of the complex manifestations of the risk in different situations. The strategies that should be developed in order to reduce the degree of disaster risk are defined and ordered according to different levels of intervention: planning at geographical, urban and building scale, regulatory and social policies and actions implemented by the governments. Even if great progresses have been made in the field of the natural disasters management, there is an urgent need to approach the topic of the risk from a new point of view. For sure, adopting some new guidelines will not prevent a catastrophic event to occur, but will contribute to promoting a culture of prevention and disaster risk reduction aimed at more sustainable human development.