Le support de la mobilité dans les protocoles réseaux existants est devenu primordial, à cause du nombre croissant d'utilisateurs de terminaux mobiles désirant garder une connexion constante au réseau, tout en se déplaçant librement à travers des segments de réseaux d'accès sans fil hétérogènes. Le protocole de routage dominant dans les architectures réseaux filaires est IP " Internet protocole ". Ce protocole est en passe de dominer aussi le mode des réseaux sans fils. Ainsi, il est naturel d'introduire des mécanismes de gestion de mobilité basés sur IP, dont un processus de handover (passage d'une point d'accès radio à une autre point) efficace et flexible afin de garantir aux utilisateurs une qualité de service minimale de transmission des donnés. En effet, un handover inefficace génère de la latence, de la gigue et des pertes de paquets. La transmission des données est affectée et dégrade la qualité de services de l'application utilisant les services du réseau. Dans cette thèse, nous analysons les principales techniques de handover et de gestion de mobilité basée sur IP. Les résultats de cette analyse seront ensuite exploités pour présenter notre proposition de soft handover basé sur IPv6. Cette solution permettra l'extension de mobile IPv6 avec une gestion efficace, transparente et locale du multihoming. Bien sur la duplication des flux est bidirectionnel entre le réseau et le mobile et permet un changement de point d'accès au réseau sans perte de données.Nous analysons ensuite les performances de notre approche à travers des résultats de simulations.Finalement, le dernier chapitre de la thèse inclut notre expérience de l'implémentation

Through a number of case studies from the West African Sahel, this book links and explores natural resources management from the perspectives of politics, property and production.

It is estimated that literally billions of residents in urban and peri-urban areas of Africa, Asia, and Latin America are served by onsite sanitation systems (e.g. various types of latrines and septic tanks). Until recently, the management of faecal sludge from these onsite systems has been grossly neglected, partially as a result of them being considered temporary solutions until sewer-based systems could be implemented. However, the perception of onsite or decentralized sanitation technologies for urban areas is gradually changing, and is increasingly being considered as long-term, sustainable options in urban areas, especially in low- and middle-income countries that lack sewer infrastructures. This is the first book dedicated to faecal sludge management. It compiles the current state of knowledge of the rapidly evolving field of faecal sludge management, and presents an integrated approach that includes technology, management, and planning based on Sandecs 20 years of experience in the field. Faecal Sludge Management: Systems Approach for Implementation and Operation addresses the organization of the entire faecal sludge management service chain, from the collection and transport of sludge, and the current state of knowledge of treatment options, to the final end use or disposal of treated sludge. The book also presents important factors to consider when evaluating and upscaling new treatment technology options. The book is designed for undergraduate and graduate students, and engineers and practitioners in the field who have some basic knowledge of environmental and/or wastewater engineering.

The linguistic integration of migrants affects every aspect of settling in a new country (employment, health, etc.). The aim of this collection of texts is to propose a number of specific measures member states can take to help adult migrants become acquainted with the language of the host country. The main focus is on organising language courses that meet migrants’ real communication needs. It is not enough for authorities simply to consider the technical aspects of such courses, they should also design and conduct them in accordance with the fundamental values of the Council of Europe. A number of issues concerning the linguistic integration of adult migrants are presented here, beginning with the notion of linguistic integration itself. Family reunion, the nature of citizenship and the function of language tests, among others, are dealt with from the point of view of language and language use. Readers are invited to reflect on the type of language competences that need to be acquired as well as an appropriate use of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. The collection also sets out approaches and instruments designed to assist in implementing effective policies.