Curriculum can be defined in a variety of ways. It might be viewed as a body of knowledge, a product, or a process. Curricula can differ as they are conceptualized from various theoretical perspectives to address the needs of teachers, students, and the context of schooling. One reason to study curriculum is “to reveal the expectations, processes and outcomes of students’ school learning experiences that are situated in different cultural and system contexts. … further studies of curriculum practices and changes are much needed to help ensure the success of educational reforms in the different cultural and system contexts” (Kulm & Li, 2009, p. 709). This volume highlights international perspectives on curriculum and aims to broaden the wider mathematics education community’s understandings of mathematics curriculum through viewing a variety of ways that curricula are developed, understood, and implemented in different jurisdictions/countries. Within this volume, we define curriculum broadly as the set of mathematics standards or outcomes, the messages inherent in mathematics curriculum documents and resources, how these standards are understood by a variety of stakeholders, and how they are enacted in classrooms. The focus is on the written, implied, and enacted curriculum in various educational settings throughout the world.

A French-English dictionary with French-Canadian terms and essential French vocabulary.

′In Case Study 5 (a grassroots ′Children′s Mathematics Network group′) the initiative supported the participants in their professional change by giving them a space for the detailed and joint consideration of children′s mathematical thinking. Another significant feature of this initiative is its focus on careful consideration and analysis of children′s mathematics, and the ways in which professionals can support and encourage the children′s mathematical thinking and reasoning... The standard of the mathematical understanding, thinking and reasoning that the displays revealed was far higher than the specified curriculum objectives for children of this age...′ - Researching Effective CPD in Mathematics Education (RECME) project: (NCETM, 2009) ′The review also plays great score by play-based learning of a mathematical nature, and makes specific recommendations regarding early mark-making as a precursor to abstract mathematical symbolism′. Section 115 features children′s mathematical graphics and emphasises: ′The role of mark-making in children′s cognitive development is set out in the taxonomy (Carruthers and Worthington, 2006)′. The report recommends that ′local authorities, leaders, managers and head teachers should provide a culture with a significant focus on mathematical mark-making′ and ′a learning environment that encourages children to choose to use their own mathematical graphics to support their mathematical thinking and processes′ - The Williams Maths Review: (DCSF, 2008) `At the very heart of the success of the book is the authors′ ability to see mathematics through young children′s eyes by listening to and reflecting on the constant efforts made by children to make sense of their world. This is a liberating book which proposes that the teaching of mathematics could and should be a highly creative and enjoyable proceess′ - Branwen Llewelyn Jones, Early Years Consultant at PACE Ltd / TACTYC ′Ground breaking... To single out any one chapter would be unfair because there is something thought-provoking and inspirational throughout. If you want to expand your understanding upwards and outwards then get a copy soon′ - Times Educational Supplement ′I first read Children′s Mathematics, Making Marks, Making Meaning a couple of years ago and it had an immediate impact on my own thinking and teaching, and the work I do with trainee teachers. I′m sure you will find it compelling reading too. I think it has the potential to change, in a fundamental way, how we think about early mathematical development′ - Lynne McClure, Editor, Math Co-ordiator′s File, Mathematics Association ′In their exceptionally readable and informative book, Children′s Mathematics, Making Marks, Making Meaning Carruthers and Worthington (2006) draw attention to one of the main goals of early years teaching, that is, to help children make links between the mathematics they have already encountered (and continue to engage with) at home and the more abstract mathematics of the school. These authors suggest that by encouraging children to represent mathematical ideas in their own ways and, crucially, by talking to the pupils about the marks they have made, we are given a "window" onto their thinking that may otherwise be inaccessible′ - Liz Pumphrey, NRICH This book draws on the authors′ many years of teaching children aged three to eight years and also on their extensive research with children in the home, nursery and school. The authors explain the development and range of young children′s mathematical marks and visual representations, showing how children make mental connections between their own early marks and subsequent abstract mathematical symbolism, and go on to develop their own written methods. Combining theory and practice, this acclaimed book demonstrates how children′s own mathematical graphics are highly creative and show deep levels of thinking. The authors show how this is the key to success in school mathematics and to higher levels of achievement. The authors are winners of TACTYC′s (2003) Jenefer Joseph Award for the Creative Arts (3 - 8) - awarded for their innovative work with children on mathematical graphics.

Children are born naturally mathematical, so why is it sometimes so difficult to observe children being mathematical? Why do so many of us think we are ‘bad’ at maths and how does this subconsciously affect the provision, experiences and opportunities we provide for young children who are starting their mathematical learning journey? This easily accessible book will help you to realise the wonderful mathematical learning happening in your setting all day and every day through the familiar resources and experiences routinely offered to young children. It will help you to think more reflectively about what you are providing for children and suggest ways of making provision richer and more exciting for you and the children in your care. With chapters linked to areas of continuous provision including sand, water, dough, role play, music, outdoors and ICT among many others, this book features: A wide range of activities including key questions, vocabulary and advice on observations Lists of key resources Ideas to support children’s mathematical mark making Useful links to stories and rhymes to engage children and promote mathematical learning Links to other areas of learning and development Suggestions for involving parents Providing a wealth of exciting, meaningful, play-based ways to promote mathematical learning and create a maths rich environment, this highly practical book will help you to develop young children’s confidence and enjoyment of maths through your everyday provision. It is a perfect resource for Early Years Practitioners working in all settings, as well as those studying on childcare, Early Childhood and Early Years Professional Status courses.

A lively and popular textbook teaching French to post-beginners working in a classroom setting. A diverse range of dialogues, and reading passages deliver new material which is carefully practised in a wide variety of imaginative exercises, both individually and in pair- and groupwork, backed up by structured grammatical underpinning and exercises. Online resources can be found at bloomsburyonlineresources.com/macmillan-foundations A substantial self-study section offers practice material for homework and revision, and for extension purposes. Foundations Languages courses are tailor-made for undergraduates and other students on Institution-wide Languages Programmes (IWLPs), languages options and electives, ab initio and minor routes in languages, and open learning programmes at universities and in Adult Education. Foundations French 2 is ideal for students with some basic GCSE or other beginner's knowledge. It can be used as a successor to Foundations French 1, or following any similar beginner's course. New to this edition: - Revised and updated following wide-ranging lecturer consultation - Many new extended reading passages and new recordings - Topical exercises including the environment, student living, health and travel Accompanying online resources for this title can be found at bloomsburyonlineresources.com/macmillan-foundations. These resources are designed to support teaching and learning when using this textbook and are available at no extra cost.