Mathematical modelling and computer simulation of grain drying are now widely used in agricultural engineering research. Several models have been proposed to describe the heat and mass transfer processes in the basic types of convective grain drier. Most of these models, however, have been derived under assumptions which are not explicitly stated and which restrict their applications from the outset. Furthermore, the differences which exist between various models are not always clarified in the literature. It is important with an ever-increasing demand for the accurate modelling of drying systems, for the researcher to understand the basic assumptions inherent in a particular model and hence to be aware of its limitations. In addition, the problems of obtaining satisfactory solutions for particular models have generally been given only a cursory treatment. The purpose of this work is, firstly, to provide a general framework from which mathematical models for any type of drier may be derived under suitable assumptions. The use of this framework is illustrated by the formulation of models for the four basic types of convective grain drier, namely fixed bed, concurrent flow, counterflow and crossflow. Previous work is then discussed in the context of these models. The resulting systems of differential equations for each of the models obtained are non-linear and have, in general, no analytical solution. The analytical/semi-analytical solutions to particular problems associated with the above cases are pursued as far as possible. However, as is evident from this investigation, purely numerical techniques provide the only practicable means of obtaining an accurate solution to any grain drying problem of current interest. Therefore, suitable computational techniques were devised and implemented for the solution of the three distinct cases, namely the fixed bed, steadystate concurrent flow and steady-state counterflow problems. These techniques are described together with a.

Most conventional dryers use random heating to dry diverse materials without considering their thermal sensitivity and energy requirements for drying. Eventually, excess energy consumption is necessary to attain a low-quality dried product. Proper heat and mass transfer modelling prior to designing a drying system for selected food materials can overcome these problems. Heat and Mass Transfer Modelling During Drying: Empirical to Multiscale Approaches extensively discusses the issue of predicting energy consumption in terms of heat and mass transfer simulation. A comprehensive mathematical model can help provide proper insight into the underlying transport phenomena within the materials during drying. However, drying of porous materials such as food is one of the most complex problems in the engineering field that is also multiscale in nature. From the modelling perspective, heat and mass transfer phenomena can be predicted using empirical to multiscale modelling. However, multiscale simulation methods can provide a comprehensive understanding of the physics of drying food materials. KEY FEATURES Includes a detailed discussion on material properties that are relevant for drying phenomena Presents an in-depth discussion on the underlying physics of drying using conceptual visual content Provides appropriate formulation of mathematical modelling from empirical to multiscale approaches Offers numerical solution approaches to mathematical models Presents possible challenges of different modelling strategies and potential solutions The objective of this book is to discuss the implementation of different modelling techniques ranging from empirical to multiscale in order to understand heat and mass transfer phenomena that take place during drying of porous materials including foods, pharmaceutical products, paper, leather materials, and more.

Drying grain is necessary for proper storage, handling and processing; the methods used for drying grain have an important influence on quality and the overall economics of the process. This book provides all the tools needed for effective grain drying, inculding mathematical theory, tabulated data on the physical and thermal properties of grains, and more.

This book introduces a number of selected advanced topics in mass transfer phenomenon and covers its theoretical, numerical, modeling and experimental aspects. The 26 chapters of this book are divided into five parts. The first is devoted to the study of some problems of mass transfer in microchannels, turbulence, waves and plasma, while chapters regarding mass transfer with hydro-, magnetohydro- and electro- dynamics are collected in the second part. The third part deals with mass transfer in food, such as rice, cheese, fruits and vegetables, and the fourth focuses on mass transfer in some large-scale applications such as geomorphologic studies. The last part introduces several issues of combined heat and mass transfer phenomena. The book can be considered as a rich reference for researchers and engineers working in the field of mass transfer and its related topics.

Computer Applications in Agricultural Environments talks about the influence of computers on the industry of agriculture. The text explains how computers help to simplify calculations and other duties related to the field. The book's 21 chapters revolve around the relationship of computers, agriculture, and the environment. The majority of the chapters talks about the different simulation controls that the computer can do. Controls include climate control, greenhouse control, greenhouse climate feedback/feed-forward control (GCFFC) control, glasshouse control, crop drying control, sulfur dioxide control, retort control, animal control, broiler-house ventilation control, and poultry-house control. Other topics related to computers and agriculture are also discussed, such as monitoring rainfall interception, grain drying, monitoring techniques for ammonia, and various techniques for remote monitoring. The text covers a wide range of topics in the mentioned fields, and can therefore serve as an excellent reference for students or professors in the field of agriculture.