Red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.), also known as Norway pine has been the most widely planted species in the Lake States region of North America over the past 70 years. As a result, the red pine cover type in the Lake States has increased more than fivefold to almost 1.9 million acres. Because of its widespread occurrence and economic value, red pine has long received close attention from researchers and forest managers. In 1914, Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr., and Herman H. Chapman published a 42-page U.S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin entitled, "Norway Pine in the Lake States." This early management guide, based on careful observations and measurements by field foresters, served as the primary guide for managing red pine stands for more than 30 years.