This volume provides an in-depth analysis of the attempts of language experts and governments to control language use and development in Eastern Europe, Eurasia and China through planned activities generally known as language planning or language policy. The ten case studies presented here examine language planning in China, Russia, Tatarstan, Central Asia, Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Slovakia and the Czech Republic, and focus in particular on developments and disputes that have occurred since the ‘fall of communism’ and the emergence of a new order in the late 1980s. Its authors highlight the dominant issues with which language planning is invariably intertwined. These include power politics, tensions between ‘official language’ and ‘minority languages’, and the effects of a country’s particular political, social, cultural and psychological environment. Offering a detailed account of the socio-political and ideological developments that underlie language planning in these regions, this book will provide a valuable resource for students and scholars of linguistics, cultural studies, political science, sociology and history.

Provides fundamental knowledge every plant scientist and student of plant pathology should know, including important historical events that gave birth to the field as well as its recent advances. Illustrates the symptoms caused by bacteria in a way that facilitates comprehension of the many different types of plant diseases that they cause. Each symptom type is presented with a detailed example of a causal agent and its characteristics, diagnostics, and mechanisms of virulence and pathogenicity. Also includes an extended discussion on the molecular mechanisms of virulence and a chapter on epidemiology and disease control.

Reveals the "magic" of learning in the 18th century. This text draws on historical sources and popular imagery to make the case for the pedagogical opportunities - suggesting ways of putting intelligence, enjoyment and communicative power back into thinking with images.