Program synthesis is a solution to the software crisis. If we had a program that develops correct programs from specifications, then program validation and maintenance would disappear from the software life-cycle, and one could focus on the more creative tasks of specification elaboration, validation, and maintenance, because replay of program development would be less costly. This monograph describes a novel approach to Inductive Logic Programming (ILP), which cross-fertilizes logic programming and machine learning. Aiming at the synthesis of recursive logic programs only, and this from incomplete information, we take a software engineering approach that is more appropriate than a pure artificial intelligence approach. This book is suitable as a secondary text for graduate level courses in software engineering and artificial intelligence, and as a reference for practitioners of program synthesis.

This volume contains the papers from the Seventh International Workshop on Logic Program Synthesis and Transformation, LOPSTR '97, that took place in Leuven, Belgium, on July 10–12, 1997, 'back to back' with the Fourteenth International Conference on Logic Programming, ICLP '97. Both ICLP and LOPSTR were organised by the K.U. Leuven Department of Computer Science. LOPSTR '97 was sponsored by Compulog Net and by the Flanders Research Network on Declarative Methods in Computer Science. LOPSTR '97 had 39 participants from 13 countries. There were two invited talks by Wolfgang Bibel (Darmstadt) on 'A multi level approach to program synthesis', and by Henning Christiansen (Roskilde) on 'Implicit program synthesis by a reversible metainterpreter'. Extended versions of both talks appear in this volume. There were 19 technical papers accepted for presentation at LOPSTR '97, out of 33 submissions. Of these, 15 appear in extended versions in this volume. Their topics range over the fields of program synthesis, program transformation, program analysis, tabling, metaprogramming, and inductive logic programming.

1 The tenth anniversary of the LOPSTR symposium provided the incentive for this volume. LOPSTR started in 1991 as a workshop on logic program synthesis and transformation, but later it broadened its scope to logic-based program development in general, that is, program development in computational logic, and hence the title of this volume. The motivating force behind LOPSTR has been the belief that declarative paradigms such as logic programming are better suited to program development tasks than traditional non-declarative ones such as the imperative paradigm. Speci?cation, synthesis, transformation or specialization, analysis, debugging and veri?cation can all be given logical foundations, thus providing a unifying framework for the whole development process. In the past 10 years or so, such a theoretical framework has indeed begun to emerge. Even tools have been implemented for analysis, veri?cation and speci- ization. However,itisfairtosaythatsofarthefocushaslargelybeenonprogrammi- in-the-small. So the future challenge is to apply or extend these techniques to programming-in-the-large, in order to tackle software engineering in the real world. Returning to this volume, our aim is to present a collection of papers that re?ect signi?cant research e?orts over the past 10 years. These papers cover the wholedevelopmentprocess:speci?cation,synthesis,analysis,transformationand specialization, as well as semantics and systems.

Time is a fascinating subject and has long since captured mankind's imagination, from the ancients to modern man, both adult and child alike. It has been studied across a wide range of disciplines, from the natural sciences to philosophy and logic. Today, thirty plus years since Prior's work in laying out foundations for temporal logic, and two decades on from Pnueli's seminal work applying of temporal logic in specification and verification of computer programs, temporal logic has a strong and thriving international research community within the broad disciplines of computer science and artificial intelligence. Areas of activity include, but are certainly not restricted to: Pure Temporal Logic, e. g. temporal systems, proof theory, model theory, expressiveness and complexity issues, algebraic properties, application of game theory; Specification and Verification, e. g. of reactive systems, ofreal-time components, of user interaction, of hardware systems, techniques and tools for verification, execution and prototyping methods; Temporal Databases, e. g. temporal representation, temporal query ing, granularity of time, update mechanisms, active temporal data bases, hypothetical reasoning; Temporal Aspects in AI, e. g. modelling temporal phenomena, in terval temporal calculi, temporal nonmonotonicity, interaction of temporal reasoning with action/knowledge/belief logics, temporal planning; Tense and Aspect in Natural Language, e. g. models, ontologies, temporal quantifiers, connectives, prepositions, processing tempo ral statements; Temporal Theorem Proving, e. g. translation methods, clausal and non-clausal resolution, tableaux, automata-theoretic approaches, tools and practical systems.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Logic Program Synthesis and Transformation, LOPSTR'95, held in Utrecht, The Netherlands in September 1995. The 19 papers included were selected from 40 workshop submissions; they offer a unique up-to-date account of the use of formal synthesis and transformation techniques for computer-aided development of logic programs. Among the topics addressed are deductive and inductive program synthesis, synthesis models based on constructive type theory, program specification, program analysis, theorem proving, and applications to various types of programs.

This volume constitutes the combined proceedings of the 4th International Workshops on Logic Program Synthesis and Transformation (LOPSTR '94) and on Meta-Programming (META '94), held jointly in Pisa, Italy in June 1994. This book includes thoroughly revised versions of the best papers presented at both workshops. The main topics addressed by the META papers are language extensions in support of meta-logic, semantics of meta-logic, implementation of meta-logic features, performance of meta-logic, and several applicational aspects. The LOPSTR papers are devoted to unfolding/folding, partial deduction, proofs as programs, inductive logic programming, automated program verification, specification and programming methodologies.

Logic programming synthesis and transformation are methods of deriving logic programs from their specifications and, where necessary, producing alternative but equivalent forms of a given program. The techniques involved in synthesis and transformation are extremely important as they allow the systematic construction of correct and efficient programs and have the potential to enhance current methods of software production. Transformation strategies are also being widely used in the field of logic program development. LOPSTR 91 was the first workshop to deal exclusively with both logic program synthesis and transformation and, as such, filled an obvious gap in the existing range of logic programming workshops. In attempting to cover the subject as comprehensively as possible, the workshop brought together researchers with an interest in all aspects of logic (including Horn Clause and first order logic) and all approaches to program synthesis and transformation. Logic Program Synthesis and Transformation provides a complete record of the workshop, with all the papers reproduced either in full or as extended abstracts. They cover a wide range of aspects, both practical and theoretical, including the use of mode input-output in program transformation, program specification and synthesis in constructive formal systems and a case study in formal program development in modular Prolog. This volume provides a comprehensive overview of current research and will be invaluable to researchers and postgraduate students who wish to enhance their understanding of logic programming techniques.