The book focuses on describing the emerging microgrid concept, and its various constituents, especially the EV technology, and investigates the load frequency control performance of different microgrid configurations by implementing the modern control theory. An exhaustive study is presented on the various renewable energy sources and an up-to-date status of their installed capacity and power generation. The text presents case studies for load frequency control of a microgrid in its various operating modes. This book: Discusses power system stability, significance of load frequency control in power system, modeling of a microgrid, and frequency deviation response. Covers various energy storage technologies such as superconducting magnetic energy storage, electrochemical energy storage, and compressed air energy storage. Presents modes of interaction of the electric vehicles with the utility grid and implementation of the electric vehicles for load frequency control. Illustrates control approaches for load frequency control and metaheuristic optimization algorithms. Showcases the study of load frequency control for standalone microgrid systems, grid-connected microgrid systems, and multi-microgrid systems. It is primarily written for senior undergraduates, and graduate students in the fields of electrical engineering, electronics, communication engineering, and renewable energy.

Electric power systems are experiencing significant changes at the worldwide scale in order to become cleaner, smarter, and more reliable. This edited book examines a wide range of topics related to these changes, which are primarily caused by the introduction of information technologies, renewable energy penetration, digitalized equipment, new operational strategies, and so forth. The emphasis will be put on the modeling and control of smart grid systems. The book addresses research topics such as high efficiency transforrmers, wind turbines and generators, fuel cells, or high speed turbines and generators.

This book comprises the proceedings of the International Conference on Green Buildings and Sustainable Engineering (GBSE 2019), which focused on the theme “Ecotechnological and Digital Solutions for Smart Cities”. The papers included address all aspects of green buildings and sustainability practices in civil engineering, and focus on ways and means of reducing pollution and degradation of the environment through efficient usage of energy and water. The book will prove a valuable reference resource for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers.

This updated edition of the industry standard reference on power system frequency control provides practical, systematic and flexible algorithms for regulating load frequency, offering new solutions to the technical challenges introduced by the escalating role of distributed generation and renewable energy sources in smart electric grids. The author emphasizes the physical constraints and practical engineering issues related to frequency in a deregulated environment, while fostering a conceptual understanding of frequency regulation and robust control techniques. The resulting control strategies bridge the gap between advantageous robust controls and traditional power system design, and are supplemented by real-time simulations. The impacts of low inertia and damping effect on system frequency in the presence of increased distributed and renewable penetration are given particular consideration, as the bulk synchronous machines of conventional frequency control are rendered ineffective in emerging grid environments where distributed/variable units with little or no rotating mass become dominant. Frequency stability and control issues relevant to the exciting new field of microgrids are also undertaken in this new edition. As frequency control becomes increasingly significant in the design of ever-more complex power systems, this expert guide ensures engineers are prepared to deploy smart grids with optimal functionality.

This book provides a thorough understanding of the basic principles, synthesis, analysis, and control of virtual inertia systems. It uses the latest technical tools to mitigate power system stability and control problems under the presence of high distributed generators (DGs) and renewable energy sources (RESs) penetration. This book uses a simple virtual inertia control structure based on the frequency response model, complemented with various control methods and algorithms to achieve an adaptive virtual inertia control respect to the frequency stability and control issues. The chapters capture the important aspects in virtual inertia synthesis and control with the objective of solving the stability and control problems regarding the changes of system inertia caused by the integration of DGs/RESs. Different topics on the synthesis and application of virtual inertia are thoroughly covered with the description and analysis of numerous conventional and modern control methods for enhancing the full spectrum of power system stability and control. Filled with illustrative examples, this book gives the necessary fundamentals and insight into practical aspects. This book stimulates further research and offers practical solutions to real-world power system stability and control problems with respect to the system inertia variation triggered by the integration of RESs/DGs. It will be of use to engineers, academic researchers, and university students interested in power systems dynamics, analysis, stability and control.

Power System Frequency Control: Modeling and Advances evaluates the control schemata, secondary controllers, stability improvement methods, optimization considerations, microgrids, multi-microgrids, and real-time validation required to model and analyze the dynamic behavior of frequency in power systems. Chapters review a range of advanced modeling and analytical considerations for single to multi-area networks using traditional and hybrid sources, including renewable sources, FACT devices and storage. The work also considers broad aspects of upstream and downstream control mechanisms which enable novel solutions in the area of automatic generation control in power system networks. Highly recommended for power system engineers, researchers and practitioners with interests in load frequency control, automatic generation control, linearized models of isolated microgrid, and multi-microgrid, and hybrid LFC scheme, this book is an ideal resource on the topics discussed. Explains the function and purpose of power network frequency loops, including primary control, secondary control and emergency control loops Models LFC schemes from single-area to multi-area interconnected power systems Demonstrates five fundamental controller designs alongside their main error principles Evaluates dynamic response analysis with transient performance stated for modern indices Discusses performance studies such as state-space modeling, random loading, sensitivity and stability analyses