"The seminal work of Constantinides (1986) documents how, when the risky return is calibrated to the U.S. market return, the impact of transaction costs on per-annum liquidity premia is an order of magnitude smaller than the cost rate itself. A number of recent papers have formed portfolios sorted on liquidity measures and found a spread in expected per-annum return that is definitely not an order of magnitude smaller than the transaction cost spread: the expected per-annum return spread is found to be around 6-7% per annum. Our paper bridges the gap between Constantinides' theoretical result and the empirical magnitude of the liquidity premium by examining dynamic portfolio choice with transaction costs in a variety of more elaborate settings that move the problem closer to the one solved by real-world investors. In particular, we allow returns to be predictable and transaction costs to be stochastic, and we introduce wealth shocks, both stationary multiplicative and labor income. With predictable returns, we also allow the wealth shocks and transaction costs to be state dependent. We find that adding these real world complications to the canonical problem can cause transactions costs to produce per-annum liquidity premia that are no longer an order of magnitude smaller than the rate, but are instead the same order of magnitude. For example, predictable returns and i.i.d. labor income growth causes the liquidity premium for an agent with a wealth to monthly labor income ratio of 0 or 10 to be 1.68\% and 1.20\% respectively; these are 21-fold and 15-fold increases, respectively, relative to that in the standard i.i.d. return case. We conclude that the effect of proportional transaction costs on the standard consumption and portfolio allocation problem with i.i.d. returns can be materially altered by reasonable perturbations that bring the problem closer to the one investors are actually solving"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site.

This book analyzes the relationship between the interest rate and the liquidity premium in financial markets with transaction costs. It offers insights for policymakers, investors, and researchers. This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the "public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

We find robust portfolio rules for ambiguity-averse fund managers in a financial market with proportional transaction costs. The model proposed in this paper permits a liquidity premium much bigger than those found by most empirical literature. Our liquidity premium is much bigger when using reasonably-calibrated parameters, so transaction costs can have a significant effect on investors' optimal investment behaviors. We also show that a high ambiguity aversion could be an explanation for a puzzling feature of economic crises, where liquidity was greatly reduced in the financial market. Our model shows that a fund manager with a higher ambiguity aversion requires much a bigger liquidity premium at times of down markets than at times of up markets.

We show that, in a monetary equilibrium, trade and asset prices depend on both the supply of the liquidity by the Central Bank and the liquidity of assets and commodities. As a result, monetary aggregates are informative for the conduct of monetary policy. We also show asset prices are higher in liquidity-constrained states of nature. This generates a term premium even in absence of aggregate uncertainty. These results hold in any monetary economy with heterogeneous agents and short-term liquidity effects, where monetary costs act as transaction costs and the quantity theory of money is verified.

Excerpt from Equilibrium Interest Rate and Liquidity Premium Under Proportional Transactions Costs In this paper we analyze the impact of transactions costs on the rates of return on liquid and illiquid assets. We consider an infinite horizon economy with finitely lived agents along the lines of Blanchard(1985). In this economy agents face a constant probability of death, and the population is kept constant by an inflow of new arrivals. Agents start with no financial wealth and receive a decreasing stream of labor income over their lifetimes. In addition they can invest in long term assets which pay a constant stream of dividends. There are two such assets, the liquid asset and the illiquid asset. The liquid asset is traded without transaction costs, while trading the illiquid asset entails proportional transactions costs. Neither asset can be sold short. Agents buy and sell assets for lifecycle motives. In fact, they accumulate the higher yielding illiquid asset for long term investment purposes and the liquid asset for short term investment needs. We find that when transactions costs increase, the rate of return on the liquid asset decreases, while the rate of return on the illiquid asset may increase or decrease. We also find, quite naturally, that the liquidity premium increases. The effects of transactions costs on the rate of return on the liquid asset and on the liquidity premium, are stronger the higher the fraction of the illiquid assets in the economy. Finally, transactions costs have first order effects on asset returns and on the liquidity premium. We evaluate these effects for reasonable parameter values. Acknowledgments: We would like to thank participants in the Nber Conference on Asset Pricing in Philadelphia; participants at seminars at Mtt, New York University and Wharton; Drew Fudenberg, Mark Gertler, John Heaton and Jean Tirole for helpful comments and suggestions. We also wish to acknowledge financial support from the International Financial Services Research Center at the Sloan School of Management. Errors are ours. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.