Liposomes are cellular structures made up of lipid molecules. Important as a cellular model in the study of basic biology, liposomes are also used in clinical applications such as drug delivery and virus studies. Liposomes Part D is a continuation of previous Methods in Enzymology Liposome volumes A, B, and C. - Covers antibody or ligand targeted liposomes; environment sensitive liposomes; liposomal oligonucleotides; liposomes in vivo

First Published in 2017. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an Informa company.

The development of liposomes as a drug delivery system has fluctuated since its introduction in the late 1960's by A.D. Bangham. While academic research of liposomes as a model membrane system has always flourished, as the exponential growth of papers can testify, the application of these findings to medically useful products has gone through several crises. Following the original optimism in the 70's and early 80's, a period of severe skepticism ensued at the end of the 80's and beginning of the 90's, culminating in a moderate but real optimism in the mid 90's, as a result of a successful launch of the first products in the US and Europe.In this collection of papers, the editors have gathered the most promising ideas, approaches, applications and commercial developments, thereby presenting an up-to-date compilation of the present status of the field. This includes such broad areas as anti-cancer chemotherapy immune stimulation and infectious diseases. Currently, the major areas of progress are in delivery of anti-fungal agents by conventional liposomes or lipid-based carriers and systemic anticancer therapy using long-circulating liposomes. The future applications as characterized by the direction of present day research is in specific targeting and delivery of informational molecules such as DNA plasmids (genes), antisense oligonucleotides or ribozymes. Other future developments may be in topical delivery, vaccination and in diagnostics.Features of this book:• Contributions from almost all the leading labs in the field• Up-to-date, critical reviews bridged by editors' introductions• Organized into a logical framework.

This volume describes the protocols for fabrication of liposomal drug delivery system, and consists of two parts. The first part emphasizes the basic protocols and concepts for fabrication of drug-loaded liposomes. For new investigators, laying the groundwork is the first step. This part focuses on the fabrication details in liposomes formulations, which are the so-called small tricks while usually not disclosed in mostly published research articles. However, these processing details are crucial for the preparation of liposomes. And the second part focuses on the strategies in modified and/or functionalized liposomes to adapt to pathophysiological environment, as well as their application in treating diseases. As new analytical and synthetic technologies become available, and improved understanding of pathophysiology, various functionalized drug liposomes are developing to fit the requirements of different therapeutic purposes, exhibiting a broad range of applications. Accordingly, the objectives of this part are aimed at deeply unearthing the formulation of drug-loaded liposomes, describing the detailed operation of liposomal formulation, and further demonstrating their potential applications. Therefore, this volume shows the features of experimental report or protocol for proving a guide to scientists, research students, and young investigators in pharmaceutical enterprises.

This second edition volume expands on the previous edition by discussing classic techniques, as well as new protocols that focus on the preparation of liposomes, lipid characterization, particle size and charge analysis, drug encapsulation, surface modification, stimuli response, and cellular interaction and biodistribution. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Comprehensive and practical, Liposomes: Methods and Protocols, Second Edition is a valuable resource for graduate students, post-doctoral researchers, and established investigators utilizing lipid-based systems in the fields of cell and molecular biology, drug delivery, and physical chemistry.

Liposomes have received increased attention in recent years. Nevertheless, liposomes, due to their various forms and applications, require further investigation. These structures can deliver both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. The preparation of liposomes results in different properties for these systems. In addition, there are many factors and difficulties that affect the development of liposome drug delivery structures.The purpose of this book is to concentrate on recent developments in liposomes. The articles collected in this book are contributions by invited researchers with long-standing experience in different research areas. We hope that the material presented here is understandable to a broad audience, not only scientists but also people with a general background in many different biological sciences. This volume offers up-to-date, expert reviews of the fast-moving field of liposomes and is divided in two major sections: 1. Introduction; 2. Liposomes general properties

This book examines stealth liposomes from a multidisciplinary approach, which includes theoretical polymer physics, organic synthesis, colloid science, and biology. Discussions include theory, chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology, preclinical studies in model systems, and medical applications in humans.