The study of letter writing is at the heart of the historical-sociolinguistic enterprise. Private letters, in particular, offer an unprecedented view on language history. This book presents an in-depth study of the language of letters focussing on a unique collection of Dutch private letters from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, which comprises letters from the lower, middle and upper ranks, written by men as well as women. The book discusses the key issues of formulaic language and the degree of orality of private letters, it questions the importance of letter-writing manuals, and reveals remarkable patterns of social, regional and gender variation in a wide range of linguistic features. Arguing for writing experience as an important factor in historical linguistics generally, the book offers numerous new perspectives on the history of Dutch. The monograph is of interest to a wide readership, ranging from scholars of historical linguistics, sociolinguistics, Germanic linguistics, sociology and social history to (advanced) graduate and postgraduate students in courses on language variation and change.

In recent years there has been a renewed interest in correspondence both as a literary genre and as cultural practice, and several studies have appeared, mainly spanning the centuries between Early and Late Modern times. However, it is between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that the roots of contemporary usage begin to evolve, thanks to the circulation of new educational materials and more widespread schooling practices. In this volume, chapters representing diverse but complementary methodological approaches discuss linguistic and discursive practices of correspondence in Late Modern Europe, in order to offer material for the comparative, cross-linguistic analyses of patterns occurring in different social contexts. The volume aims to provide a general and solid methodological structure for the study of largely untapped language material from a variety of comparable sources, and is expected to appeal to scholars and students interested in the linguistic history of epistolary writing practices, as well as to all those interested in the more recent history of European languages.

A mathematical gem–freshly cleaned and polished This book is intended to be used as the text for a first course in combinatorics. the text has been shaped by two goals, namely, to make complex mathematics accessible to students with a wide range of abilities, interests, and motivations; and to create a pedagogical tool, useful to the broad spectrum of instructors who bring a variety of perspectives and expectations to such a course. Features retained from the first edition: Lively and engaging writing style Timely and appropriate examples Numerous well-chosen exercises Flexible modular format Optional sections and appendices Highlights of Second Edition enhancements: Smoothed and polished exposition, with a sharpened focus on key ideas Expanded discussion of linear codes New optional section on algorithms Greatly expanded hints and answers section Many new exercises and examples

Upon its original publication in 1993, Letters from Lexington reaffirmed Noam Chomsky's status as one of the most incisive critics of the American media. Reissued with a new foreword by Chomsky’s long-term collaborator, radio broadcaster David Barsamian, this prescient book remains startlingly relevant in our current age of disinformation and “fake news.” Throughout the book, Chomsky critiques the media’s complicity in US domestic and foreign policy. In particular, Chomsky's analyses of the politics of the Reagan and earlier Bush administrations offer illuminating perspectives on the events, key players, and policies that would continue to shape America's national agenda during the presidency of George W. Bush and the “War on Terrorism.” Letters from Lexington remains an indispensable guide to the American propaganda machine and the shibboleths of the mainstream media. As such, this book will appeal to students and scholars with an interest in the media and US domestic and foreign policy, as well as serve as a vital tool for activists and general readers seeking to question dubious narratives put forward by the mainstream media.

The study of letter writing is at the heart of the historical-sociolinguistic enterprise. Private letters, in particular, offer an unprecedented view on language history. This book presents an in-depth study of the language of letters focussing on a unique collection of Dutch private letters from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, which comprises letters from the lower, middle and upper ranks, written by men as well as women. The book discusses the key issues of formulaic language and the degree of orality of private letters, it questions the importance of letter-writing manuals, and reveals remarkable patterns of social, regional and gender variation in a wide range of linguistic features. Arguing for writing experience as an important factor in historical linguistics generally, the book offers numerous new perspectives on the history of Dutch. The monograph is of interest to a wide readership, ranging from scholars of historical linguistics, sociolinguistics, Germanic linguistics, sociology and social history to (advanced) graduate and postgraduate students in courses on language variation and change.

This book presents an in-depth study of the language of letters focussing on a unique collection of Dutch private letters from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, which comprises letters from the lower, middle and upper ranks, written by men as well as women.

The English language is a fascinating subject and thanks to circumstances in history has possibly travelled the globe more than any other. The very basis of the written language is in the letters used to form words, and this book examines every aspect of the alphabet available for writing English, from the formation of letters to their use in words. Each and every letter of the alphabet used to write down the English language has a story to tell. Often we accept them without a second thought and even believe there are only twenty-six of them, whereas if we look more closely there are at least fifty-two as each of the capital letters has a lower case form. Sometimes they are just smaller versions of the larger, such as C and c, or X and x, but the majority of letters have a different form entirely like A and a, or D and d. They also have more than one sound associated with them, many have three, and the mighty letter R involves itself with around seventeen different sounds. No wonder the language takes some mastering! The Book of Letters looks at global English, which the Oxford Online Dictionary refers to as 'British and World English', and examines each letter in minute detail starting with the shape, to the inferred sounds. Fact-finders, teachers and students should all improve their knowledge from this detailed work.