Winning the anticorruption battle: a guide for citizens and politicians. The phenomenon of corruption has existed since antiquity; from ancient Mesopotamia to our modern-day high-level ethical morass, people have sought a leg up, a shortcut, or an end run to power and influence. In this volume in the MIT Press Essential Knowledge series, Robert Rotberg, a recognized authority on governance and international relations, offers a definitive guide to corruption and anticorruption, charting the evolution of corruption and offering recommendations on how to reduce its power and spread. The most important component of anticorruption efforts, he argues, is leadership that is committed to changing dominant political cultures. Rotberg explains that corruption is the conversion of a public good into personal gain—either by the exchange of cash for influence or by the granting of special favors even without explicit payments. He describes successful anticorruption efforts in countries ranging from Denmark and Sweden to Canada and Costa Rica, and discusses the roles of judicial systems, investigative journalism, multinational corporations, and technological advances. He shows how the United States has become more corrupt than before, and contrasts recent US and Canadian experiences. Without sufficient political will to eliminate corruption, it persists. Rotberg outlines thirteen practical steps for battling corruption, including removing holdover officials tainted by corruption and the public declaration of financial assets by elected officials and appointees.

The development of medical mycology in the United States is assessed within the context of scientific progress as demonstrated by the creativity and scholarly contributions from research, technological activities, and training toward the management of fungal diseases. Although it focuses on American figures and events, it covers the origins of the discipline in Europe and Latin America. It describes historically significant scientific, technological and educational development and the narrative description is accompanied by an analysis of the causes of these and their perceived impact on the development of the discipline from the late 1880s into the 1990s. The development was conceptualised into five aras: the era of discovery, the formative years, the advent of antifungal and immunosuppressive therapies, the years of expansion and the era of transition.

"The thousand year gap between the fall of Rome and the dawn of the Renaissance is sometimes dismissed as a cultural wasteland, a benighted period aptly called the Dark Ages. While it's true the arts and sciences didn't ... thrive during this time, the gift of literacy brought by Christian missionaries to the various tribes of Europe kept one literary form alive: the epic. Part poetry, part adventure story, the epic celebrated the deeds of heroes and dramatized a nation's cultural and religious ideals..."--Preface.

This text introduces students, scholars, and interested educated readers to the issues of human memory broadly considered, encompassing both individual memory, collective remembering by societies, and the construction of history. The book is organised around several major questions: How do memories construct our past? How do we build shared collective memories? How does memory shape history? This volume presents a special perspective, emphasising the role of memory processes in the construction of self-identity, of shared cultural norms and concepts, and of historical awareness. Although the results are fairly new and the techniques suitably modern, the vision itself is of course related to the work of such precursors as Frederic Bartlett and Aleksandr Luria, who in very different ways represent the starting point of a serious psychology of human culture.