The origins of the large estate of Carolingian Europe and the role it played in the evolution of Frankish society and economy are the themes of this volume. The first group of articles focus on documentary evidence, especially the polyptychs and their interpretation. Though there is insufficient material for any true quantitive history, Professor Devroey argues that the evidence points to demographic expansion, coupled with the exploitation of new agricultural methods and crops, and a reliance on the family as the unit of production. Further studies relate these estates to the commercial networks of the area, from a local to an international level. A final concern is to demonstrate that the large estate formed a key component of the Carolingian rulers’ aim to establish the ’bonum commune’ and a stable society, with assured food supplies, regulated markets and a just system of weights and measures. L’origine du grand domaine de l’Europe carolingienne et le rôle qu’il jouait dans l’évolution de la société et de l’économie du monde franc sont les thèmes de ce volume. Le premier groupe d’articles se concentre sur des documents et plus spécialement sur les polyptyques et leur interprétation. Bien qu’il n’y ait pas de matériel suffisant pour une histoire quantitative, le professeur Devroey soutient que tout indique une expansion démographie, à laquelle viennent s’ajouter l’exploitation de nouvelles méthodes agricoles et de récoltes, ainsi qu’une dépendance vis-à-vis de la famille en tant qu’unité de production. Des études supplémentaires font le lien entre ces propriétés et les réseaux commerciaux de cette partie du monde, du niveau local au niveau international. L’auteur s’efforce finalement de démontrer que le grand domaine était un des facteurs à la base de la volonté des dirigeants carolingiens d’instaurer le ’bonum commune’ et une société stable avec des approvisionnements assurés, des march

For forty years, scholars have had access to a vast array of documents that reveal the stages by which a few modest episodes grew into the vast and complex structure the world reveres as Marcel Proust's unique novel, A la recherche du temps perdu. Although many soundings have been made in this corpus, which comprises manuscript pages, exercise books, typescripts, and publisher's proofs, Anthony Pugh's study is the first attempt to provide a comprehensive view of the story that the documents reveal, at least in the years before the outbreak of war in 1914. A crucial feature of the research is the rigorous establishment of the chronological sequence of the documents, a task complicated by Proust's habit of returning to sketches already written, amplifying them with extensive additions in the margins and on the facing pages, often reorganizing them, and finally reworking them in another form, sometimes physically intercalating pages of the first version into the new one. Anthony Pugh analyses with scrupulous care every document, facing all the multi-faceted problems they present, and showing why many solutions, some of them widely accepted by Proust scholars, have to be questioned. It emerges from this investigation that however unsystematic Proust was in his method of composing, there is an inner logic in the way he oscillates between writing new incidents and editing texts already extant. Now, for the first time, the whole story of the way in which A la recherche du temps perdu grew during the first six years of its gestation is told in full, both in its general thrust and in its fine details.

Presented for the first time in English, the recently discovered early manuscripts of the twentieth century’s most towering literary figure offer uncanny glimpses of his emerging genius and the creation of his masterpiece. One of the most significant literary events of the century, the discovery of manuscript pages containing early drafts of Marcel Proust’s In Search of Lost Time put an end to a decades-long search for the Proustian grail. The Paris publisher Bernard de Fallois claimed to have viewed the folios, but doubts about their existence emerged when none appeared in the Proust manuscripts bequeathed to the Bibliothèque Nationale in 1962. The texts had in fact been hidden among Fallois’s private papers, where they were found upon his death in 2018. The Seventy-Five Folios and Other Unpublished Manuscripts presents these folios here for the first time in English, along with seventeen other brief unpublished texts. Extensive commentary and notes by the Proust scholar Nathalie Mauriac Dyer offer insightful critical analysis. Characterized by Fallois as the “precious guide” to understanding Proust’s masterpiece, the folios contain early versions of six episodes included in the novel. Readers glimpse what Proust’s biographer Jean-Yves Tadié describes as the “sacred moment” when the great work burst forth for the first time. The folios reveal the autobiographical extent of Proust’s writing, with traces of his family life scattered throughout. Before the existence of Charles Swann, for example, we find a narrator named Marcel, a testament to what one scholar has called “the gradual transformation of lived experience into (auto)fiction in Proust’s elaboration of the novel.” Like a painter’s sketches and a composer’s holographs, Proust’s folios tell a story of artistic evolution. A “dream of a book, a book of a dream,” Fallois called them. Here is a literary magnum opus finding its final form.