ILO pub-WEP pub-ARTEP pub. Research report on insufficient agricultural employment in rural areas in Asia, with particular reference to Japan, China and Taiwan, China - discusses the use of agricultural mechanization and irrigation in rice and food cropping, considers employment opportunities of farm households together with disguised unemployment, reviews trends in land ownership, labour markets, etc. In light of the green revolution, and constitutes part of a WEP research project. Graphs, references and statistical tables.

The purpose of this book is to present a comprehensive picture of the role of rice in the food and agricultural sectors of Asian nations.

The book focuses on Indonesia's most pressing labor market challenges and associated policy options to achieve higher and more inclusive economic growth. The challenges consist of creating jobs for and the skills in a youthful and increasingly better educated workforce, and raising the productivity of less-educated workers to meet the demands of the digital age. The book deals with a range of interrelated topics---the changing supply and demand for labor in relation to the shift of workers out of agriculture; urbanization and the growth of megacities; raising the quality of schooling for new jobs in the digital economy; and labor market policies to improve both labor standards and productivity.

Lagging labor reallocations outside agriculture amid sustained low agricultural productivity have been a key feature in the Philippines over the past 15 years. An analysis of the labor adjustments in and out of agriculture shows that a variety of factors have influenced this process. We find that the widening of wage differentials with non-agricultural sectors, improvements in labor market efficiency, and better transport infrastructure are largely associated with growing outflows of labor from agriculture, whilst the lack of post-primary education and the presence of agricultural clusters hinder such outflows. In contrast to the traditional view that agricultural employment outflows are largely driven by productivity differences and wage differentials, our results emphasize the roles of education as well as transport infrastructure in facilitating labor reallocations from agriculture to non-agriculture.