La irrupción de la realidad virtual en nuestras vidas cotidianas plantea un sinfín de aplicaciones que van mucho más allá del desarrollo de meros videojuegos inmersivos. Se trata de plataformas comerciales en tres dimensiones: los mundos virtuales. Pero, ¿qué regulación se aplica en estos nuevos espacios? Con el fin de abordar dicha cuestión, esta obra parte del estudio del paquete de medidas de la Unión Europea destinado a regular el Mercado Único Digital, con el objeto de garantizar un equilibrio entre la promoción de la innovación y la protección de los usuarios europeos. Los Reglamentos de Servicios Digitales y de Mercados Digitales se destacan por su enfoque proactivo y detallado, delineando un entorno digital que aspira a ser justo y transparente para todas las partes involucradas. Paralelamente, el Reglamento General de Protección de Datos se consolida como un referente en la protección de la privacidad y los datos personales, estableciendo estándares que otros países y regiones procuran emular. La legislación comunitaria adquiere especial importancia en estos nuevos espacios, donde la recogida y gestión de datos personales se masifica. Asimismo, la Unión Europea debe abordar la cuestión de la propiedad intelectual de los activos digitales, protegiendo estos bienes en un territorio todavía inexplorado. Este fenómeno incluye definir cómo se protegen los derechos de autor, mecanismos efectivos de resolución de conflictos o la autoridad competente para dirimirlos. Y es que, más allá de nuestras fronteras exteriores, se requiere una alineación de las políticas comunitarias o su convivencia con la práctica de terceros Estados. Esta adaptabilidad normativa ante la evolución tecnológica resultará clave para asegurar un progreso tecnológico dinámico y responsable.

El metaverso pretende crear un mundo virtual alternativo donde la vida se desarrolle sin limitaciones. Cualquiera de nosotros, convertidos en avatares o a través de la utilización de gemelos digitales, podremos sumergirnos en el metaverso para trabajar, comprar, relacionarnos o jugar. En definitiva, nos enfrentamos a la siguiente generación de internet que va a pasar de las dos a tres y cuatro dimensiones, con experiencias inmersivas y auditivas que nos van a llevar a otro nivel. Si bien ya existen algunas experiencias pasadas como Second Life, recientemente las grandes tecnológicas han decidido dar un paso adelante para invertir en el desarrollo e implantación del metaverso. De hecho, Facebook ha cambiado su nombre a "Meta" poniendo de manifiesto cuál va a ser su apuesta para los próximos años. Ahora bien, Microsoft, Nvidia o Epic Games no se quieren quedar atrás y también están apostando fuerte por el metaverso. Ello va a conllevar numerosas ventajas ya que el Metaverso se utilizará en la educación, el comercio, la atención médica, el entretenimiento y en las redes sociales. Ahora bien, también implica numerosos riesgos. Entre ellos, sin duda, cabe destacar los riesgos jurídicos que conlleva el desarrollo de una tecnología tan potente. Por ello, el propósito de este libro es analizar qué impacto puede tener el metaverso en el derecho y cómo este puede afrontar los numerosos riesgos y conflictos jurídicos que, sin duda, surgirán a raíz de la implantanción y desarrollo del mismo.

Offers an account of ODR for consumers in the EU context, presenting a comprehensive investigation of the development of ODR for business to consumer disputes within the EU. This book examines the role of both the European legislator with the Mediation Directive and the English judiciary in encouraging the use of mediation.

From today’s vantage point it can be denied that the confidence in the abilities of globalism, mobility, and cosmopolitanism to illuminate cultural signification processes of our time has been severely shaken. In the face of this crisis, a key concept of this globalizing optimism as World Literature has been for the past twenty years necessarily is in the need of a comprehensive revision. World Literature, Cosmopolitanism, Globality: Beyond, Against, Post, Otherwise offers a wide range of contributions approaching the blind spots of the globally oriented Humanities for phenomena that in one way or another have gone beyond the discourses, aesthetics, and political positions of liberal cosmopolitanism and neoliberal globalization. Departing basically (but not exclusively) from different examples of Latin American literatures and cultures in globalized contexts, this volume provides innovative insights into critical readings of World Literature and its related conceptualizations. A timely book that embraces highly innovative perspectives, it will be a mustread for all scholars involved in the field of the global dimensions of literature.

http://dx.doi.org/10.12946/gplh3 http://www.epubli.de/shop/buch/48746 "Spanish colonial law, derecho indiano, has since the early 20th century been a vigorous subdiscipline of legal history. One of great figures in the field, the Argentinian legal historian Víctor Tau Anzoátegui, published in 1997 his Nuevos horizontes en el estudio histórico del derecho indiano. The book, in which Tau addressed seminal methodological questions setting tone for the discipline’s future orientation, proved to be the starting point for an important renewal of the discipline. Tau drew on the writings of legal historians, such as Paolo Grossi, Antonio Manuel Hespanha, and Bartolomé Clavero. Tau emphasized the development of legal history in connection to what he called “the posture superseding rational and statutory state law.” The following features of normativity were now in need of increasing scholarly attention: the autonomy of different levels of social organization, the different modes of normative creativity, the many different notions of law and justice, the position of the jurist as an artifact of law, and the casuistic character of the legal decisions. Moreover, Tau highlighted certain areas of Spanish colonial law that he thought deserved more attention than they had hitherto received. One of these was the history of the learned jurist: the letrado was to be seen in his social, political, economic, and bureaucratic context. The Argentinian legal historian called for more scholarly works on book history, and he thought that provincial and local histories of Spanish colonial law had been studied too little. Within the field of historical science as a whole, these ideas may not have been revolutionary, but they contributed in an important way to bringing the study of Spanish colonial law up-to-date. It is beyond doubt that Tau’s programmatic visions have been largely fulfilled in the past two decades. Equally manifest is, however, that new challenges to legal history and Spanish colonial law have emerged. The challenges of globalization are felt both in the historical and legal sciences, and not the least in the field of legal history. They have also brought major topics (back) on to the scene, such as the importance of religious normativity within the normative setting of societies. These challenges have made scholars aware of the necessity to reconstruct the circulation of ideas, juridical practices, and researchers are becoming more attentive to the intense cultural translation involved in the movement of legal ideas and institutions from one context to another. Not least, the growing consciousness and strong claims to reconsider colonial history from the premises of postcolonial scholarship expose the discipline to an unseen necessity of reconsidering its very foundational concepts. What concept of law do we need for our historical studies when considering multi-normative settings? How do we define the spatial dimension of our work? How do we analyze the entanglements in legal history? Until recently, Spanish colonial law attracted little interest from non-Hispanic scholars, and its results were not seen within a larger global context. In this respect, Spanish colonial law was hardly different from research done on legal history of the European continent or common law. Spanish colonial law has, however, recently become a topic of interest beyond the Hispanic world. The field is now increasingly seen in the context of “global legal history,” while the old and the new research results are often put into a comparative context of both European law of the early Modern Period and other colonial legal orders. In this volume, scholars from different parts of the Western world approach Spanish colonial law from the new perspectives of contemporary legal historical research."

Spanish is now the third most widely spoken language in the world after English and Chinese. This book traces how and why Spanish has arrived at this position, examining its role in the diverse societies where it is spoken from Europe to the Americas. Providing a comprehensive survey of language issues in the Spanish-speaking world, the book outlines the historical roots of the emergence of Spanish or Castilian as the dominant language, analyzes the situation of minority language groups, and traces the role of Spanish and its colonial heritage in Latin America. The book is structured in four sections: Spanish as a national language: conflict and hegemony Legislation and the realities of linguistic diversity Language and education The future of Spanish. Throughout the book Clare Mar-Molinero asks probing questions such as: How does language relate to power? What is its link with identity? What is the role of language in nation-building? Who decides how language is taught?

European law, including both civil law and common law, has gone through several major phases of expansion in the world. European legal history thus also is a history of legal transplants and cultural borrowings, which national legal histories as products of nineteenth-century historicism have until recently largely left unconsidered. The Handbook of European Legal History supplies its readers with an overview of the different phases of European legal history in the light of today's state-of-the-art research, by offering cutting-edge views on research questions currently emerging in international discussions. The Handbook takes a broad approach to its subject matter both nationally and systemically. Unlike traditional European legal histories, which tend to concentrate on "heartlands" of Europe (notably Italy and Germany), the Europe of the Handbook is more versatile and nuanced, taking into consideration the legal developments in Europe's geographical "fringes" such as Scandinavia and Eastern Europe. The Handbook covers all major time periods, from the ancient Greek law to the twenty-first century. Contributors include acknowledged leaders in the field as well as rising talents, representing a wide range of legal systems, methodologies, areas of expertise and research agendas.