The study of the ocean and its biological and physical aspects is known as oceanography. It is an earth science that includes a wide range of topics such as ocean current, ecosystem, and geophysical fluid dynamics. It also encompasses the study of plate tectonics as well as the geology of the sea floor. It examines different physical properties and chemical substances found in the ocean and across its boundaries. It blends the understanding of the processes within a number of disciplines like biology, chemistry, climatology, geology, geography, hydrology, physics and astronomy in order to acquire an in-depth knowledge of the oceans. Biological oceanography and chemical oceanography are two primary branches of oceanography. Biological oceanography includes the ecology of marine organisms. The study is done on the basis of the ecological characteristics of an individual organism and the physical, chemical and geological aspects of its ocean environment. The chemistry of the ocean is studied under chemical oceanography. It is concerned with the understanding of seawater properties. This book covers in detail some existent theories and innovative concepts revolving around biological and chemical oceanography. It includes contributions made by international experts. It is meant for students who are looking for an elaborate reference text on these disciplines.

�[A] fascinating volume, which establishes marine environmental history as a major new discipline for academics as well as an exciting way to bring history and the natural world alive for the public.�ANDREW A. ROSENBERG, UNIVERSITY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE�The HMAP project is to be congratulated on this book, which presents vivid, evidence-based reconstructions of historical fisheries and the prolific ecosystems in which they were embedded.�TONY J. PITCHER, UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA�The ingenuity and scholarship of the authors allow us to see ... how human societies have depended on and influenced marine living resources from periwinkles to whales.�MIKE SINCLAIR, BEDFORD INSTITUTE OF OCEANOGRAPHY�This book exalts the surprisingly fruitful marriage of historians and marine scientists - a union that has proven to be one of the most exciting developments in ocean research in recent years.�KATHERINE RICHARDSON, UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGENFor centuries the seas appeared to offer limitless supplies of food and other resources, their waters a cornucopia never to be exhausted. In more recent times, episodes such as the extreme exploitation and subsequent collapse of cod populations of the Grand Banks off Newfoundland have highlighted the fallaciousness of this view. Yet all too often the lessons from our historical interactions with marine animals are little known, let alone learned.Based on research for the History of Marine Animal Populations project, Oceans Past examines the complex relationship our forebears had with the sea and the animals that inhabit it. It presents eleven studies ranging from fisheries and invasive species to offshore technology and the study of marine environmental history, bringing together the perspectives of historians and marine scientists to enhance understanding of ocean management of the past, present and future. In doing so, it also highlights the influence that changes in marine ecosystems have upon the politics, welfare and culture of human societies.

This work explores a new development paradigm whose central focus is on human well-being. Increase in income is treated as an essential means, but not as the end of development, and certainly not as the sum of human life. Development policies and strategies are discussed which link economic growth with human lives in various societies. The book also analyzes the evolution of a new Human Development Index which is a far more comprehensive measure of socio-economic progress of nations than the traditional measure of Gross National Product. For the first time, a Political Freedom Index is also presented. The book offers a new vision of human security for the twenty-first century where real security is equated with security of people in their homes, their jobs, their communities, and their environment. The book discusses many concrete proposals in this context, including a global compact to overcome the worst aspects of global poverty within a decade, key reforms in the Bretton Woods institutions of World Bank and IMF, and establishment of a new Economic Security Council within the United Nations.

This book is a moving testimony of how the Savior can take a broken life and restore it and how the love of Jesus, through forgiveness of those who have hurt us, can redeem and bring about something new and very beautiful in every life committed to him. As he promised in his word, I will not leave you as orphans in the storm, I will come to you (Ps. 27:10, TLB).