La Comunicación Política es, hoy en España, equiparable en participación de agentes, manifestaciones, formas y contenidos a la de cualquiera de los países de nuestro entorno político y geográfico. Así como por el interés creciente y la omnipresencia de la misma. Pero no siempre ha sucedido así, debido a la tardía incorporación de nuestro país a la democracia, ya en el último tercio del siglo XX. La evolución, por tanto, ha tenido un ritmo singular y se ha llevado a cabo en unas condiciones y en un contexto histórico, social y político muy específicos. La investigación que se lleva a cabo, de carácter cualitativo e histórico, tiene por principal objetivo mostrar el origen de la Comunicación Política española actual en el período histórico denominado Transición (1975-1982) y la evolución de sus manifestaciones comunicativas, desde las formas de propaganda hasta las globales del marketing, mostrada a través de las sucesivas campañas electorales: desde el referéndum de la Ley para la Reforma Política de 1976 hasta las elecciones generales de 1982, si bien una parte de esa evolución tiene sus raíces en la etapa política precedente. A pesar de la naturaleza política autoritaria de los últimos años del franquismo —sin libertades, derechos o partidos políticos— y con un predominio de las formas propagandísticas en la comunicación, pueden rastrearse preliminares en la comunicación política con formas claramente identificables de publicidad y marketing. Estos antecedentes son importantes para comprender mejor el inicio y posterior desarrollo de comunicación política democrática. De regreso al Estado de derecho y a la pluralidad política, la comunicación evoluciona a través de diferentes modelos y con diferentes ritmos, alejándose de la propaganda política autoritaria del anterior régimen —el momento de inflexión comunicacional sería la Ley para la Reforma Política— para transitar, primero hacia formas de propaganda política democrática —la campaña electoral de las primeras elecciones generales— y, en sucesivas convocatorias electorales, a formas de publicidad y marketing que culminan en esta etapa en la campaña electoral de las elecciones generales de 1982. Pero con diferentes velocidades en función de: a) la naturaleza, definición y evolución de los agentes intervinientes en la comunicación: gobierno, partidos y candidatos, publicitarios —agencias o profesionales— y ciudadanos; b) por el contexto específico e inmediato: condicionantes políticos, sociales, económicos e, incluso, estacionales; c) por el producto en “venta”: ideología, opciones políticas, programas electorales, candidatos, etc.; d) u otros elementos intervinientes: la demoscopia, el volumen de la financiación de las campañas, los elementos de comunicación utilizados o el papel jugado por los medios de comunicación de masas.

This comprehensive survey of Spain’s history looks at the major political, social, and economic changes that took place from the end of the Civil War to the beginning of the twenty-first century. A thorough introduction to post-Civil War Spain, from its development under Franco and subsequent transition to democracy up to the present day Tusell was a celebrated public figure and historian. During his lifetime he negotiated the return to Spain of Picasso’s Guernica, was elected UCD councillor for Madrid, and became a respected media commentator before his untimely death in 2005 Includes a biography and political assessment of Francisco Franco Covers a number of pertinent topics, including fascism, isolationism, political opposition, economic development, decolonization, terrorism, foreign policy, and democracy Provides a context for understanding the continuing tensions between democracy and terrorism, including the effects of the 2004 Madrid Bombings

Following WWII, the authoritarian and morally austere dictatorship of General Francisco Franco's Spain became the playground for millions of carefree tourists from Europe's prosperous democracies. This book chronicles how this helped to strengthen Franco's regime and economic and political standing.

History and Legal Norms

This edition of the World Bank has been revised and expanded by the Terminology Unit in the Languages Services Division of the World Bank in collaboration with the English, Spanish, and French Translation Sections. The Glossary is intended to assist the Bank's translators and interpreters, other Bank staff using French and Spanish in their work, and free-lance translator's and interpreters employed by the Bank. For this reason, the Glossary contains not only financial and economic terminology and terms relating to the Bank's procedures and practices, but also terms that frequently occur in Bank documents, and others for which the Bank has a preferred equivalent. Although many of these terms, relating to such fields as agriculture, education, energy, housing, law, technology, and transportation, could be found in other sources, they have been assembled here for ease of reference. A list of acronyms occurring frequently in Bank texts (the terms to which they refer being found in the Glossary) and a list of international, regional, and national organizations will be found at the end of the Glossary.

In Paper Cadavers, an inside account of the astonishing discovery and rescue of Guatemala's secret police archives, Kirsten Weld probes the politics of memory, the wages of the Cold War, and the stakes of historical knowledge production. After Guatemala's bloody thirty-six years of civil war (1960–1996), silence and impunity reigned. That is, until 2005, when human rights investigators stumbled on the archives of the country's National Police, which, at 75 million pages, proved to be the largest trove of secret state records ever found in Latin America. The unearthing of the archives renewed fierce debates about history, memory, and justice. In Paper Cadavers, Weld explores Guatemala's struggles to manage this avalanche of evidence of past war crimes, providing a firsthand look at how postwar justice activists worked to reconfigure terror archives into implements of social change. Tracing the history of the police files as they were transformed from weapons of counterinsurgency into tools for post-conflict reckoning, Weld sheds light on the country's fraught transition from war to an uneasy peace, reflecting on how societies forget and remember political violence.

“This collection, because of its exceptional theoretical coherence and sophistication, is qualitatively superior to the most frequently consulted anthologies on Latin American women’s history and literature . . . [and] represents a new, more theoretically rigorous stage in the feminist debate on Latin American women.”—Elizabeth Garrels, Massachusetts Institute of Technology