Plasticity establishes a permanent connectivity of the synapses in more rigid networks, which when excited, all will communicate together. Elasticity maintains an instant connectivity between neural networks by bringing synapses in a suitable communication distance. The other way of internal communication in brain is through the nerve fibers when two neural network configurations in a far distance can resonate together. The integration of these types of communications is the mean that the brain functions.

Stress in common term refers to an excessive or a long term exposure to outside pressures. However, this term initially was taken from physics and engineering which defines stress as mutual actions of forces that take place across any section, here the layers of the brain. ranges of stress can be classified as normal, high and excessive (stress as it is used in daily conversation) in respect to the brain elasticity property. Any sensory input enters into brain with a physical effect of stress on the brain. it is normally within the safe range of absorption by the brain as an elastic material. the respond to the entered stress would be shut off immediately afterwards. the duration of its effects is in term of milliseconds and maximum as long as a brain activity and related working memory continues. Any brain activity is a process of: receiving the pattern of things through input stress flow; finding a balance state with structural patterns of neurons; and responding as a processed pattern. The processing in macroscale, includes stress transfer, absorption, desorption and dispatch of travelling free energy associated to the induced stress through neuron networks, substrate by substrate in a pathway. The balanced condition of the consequence strains provides a complete landscape of strained pattern which back up a brain activity as it is known to us and disappears by releasing of strains. This book attempts to explain this process in a kinematic way of description.

One remarkable ability of the human brain is to process large amounts of information about our surroundings to allow us to interact effectively with them. In everyday life, the most common way to interact with objects is by reaching, grasping, lifting and manipulating them. Although these may sound like simple tasks, the perceptual properties of the target object, such as its location, size, shape, and orientation all need to be processed in order to set the movement parameters that allow an accurate reach-to-grasp-to lift movement. Several brain areas work in concert to process this outstanding amount of visual information and drive the execution of a motor plan in just a few hundred milliseconds. How are these processes orchestrated? In developing this type of comprehensive knowledge about the interactions between objects perception and goal-directed actions, we have a window into the mechanisms underlying the functioning of the visuo-motor system. With this research topic we aim to further understand the neural mechanisms that mediate our interactions with the world. Therefore, we particularly encourage submission of papers that attempt to relate such findings to real-world situations by investigating behavioural and neural correlates of information processing related to eye-hand coordination and visually-guided actions, including reaching, grasping, and lifting movements. This topic welcomes submissions of original research using any relevant techniques and methods, from behavioural kinematics/kinetics, to neuroimaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), as well as neuropsychological studies.

Digital technologies are currently dramatically changing healthcare. This book introduces the reader to the latest digital innovations in healthcare in fields such as artificial intelligence, points out new ways in patient care and describes the limits of its application. It also offers essential guidance in the form of structured and authoritative contributions by domain experts spanning from artificial intelligence to hospital management to radiology to dentistry to preventive medicine. Furthermore, it shares ideas and experiences of industry veterans, in particular on how IT-driven solutions could solve long-standing issues in the fields of healthcare and hospitalization. It also gives advice on what new digital technologies to consider for becoming a healthcare market leader in the future. Taken together, these contributions provide a “road map” to guide decision makers, physicians, academics, industry representatives and other interested readers to understand the large impact of digital technology on healthcare today and its enormous potential for future development.

This volume follows on from the symposium "Brain Machine Interfaces - Implications for science, clinical practice and society", held on August 26th-29th 2010 in Ystad, Sweden, and features contributions from pioneers and leading scientists in the field of BMI and motor systems physiology, including spinal cord, basal ganglia and motor cortex. The wide range of topics covered include implants for mind control of prostheses and in robotics, clinical and experimental research on Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, depression and Alzheimer's disease, cochlear implants, retinal implants, novel flexible micro- and nano-electrode implants, safety aspects including acute and chronic tissue reactions to implants and on ethical issues in DBS. Program and abstracts from the individual contributors can be found on http://www.med.lu.se/nrc/bmi_symposium. - Leading authors review the state-of-the-art in their field of investigation and provide their views and perspectives for future research - Chapters are extensively referenced to provide readers with a comprehensive list of resources on the topics covered - All chapters include comprehensive background information and are written in a clear form that is also accessible to the non-specialist

Advances in Neural Engineering: Brain-Computer Interfaces, Volume Two covers the broad spectrum of neural engineering subfields and applications. The set provides a comprehensive review of dominant feature extraction methods and classification algorithms in the brain-computer interfaces for motor imagery tasks. The book's authors discuss existing challenges in the domain of motor imagery brain-computer interface and suggest possible research directions. The field of neural engineering deals with many aspects of basic and clinical problems associated with neural dysfunction, including sensory and motor information, stimulation of the neuromuscular system to control muscle activation and movement, analysis and visualization of complex neural systems, and more. - Presents Neural Engineering techniques applied to Signal Processing, including feature extraction methods and classification algorithms in BCI for motor imagery tasks - Includes in-depth technical coverage of disruptive neurocircuitry, including neurocircuitry of stress integration, role of basal ganglia neurocircuitry in pathology of psychiatric disorders, and neurocircuitry of anxiety in obsessive-compulsive disorder - Covers neural signal processing data analysis and neuroprosthetics applications, including EEG-based BCI paradigms, EEG signal processing in anesthesia, neural networks for intelligent signal processing, and a variety of neuroprosthetic applications - Written by engineers to help engineers, computer scientists, researchers, and clinicians understand the technology and applications of signal processing