Outside of randomized experiments, association does not imply causation, and yet there is nothing defective about our knowledge that smoking causes lung cancer, a conclusion reached in the absence of randomized experimentation with humans. How is that possible? If observed associations do not identify causal effects in observational studies, how can a sequence of such associations become decisive? Two or more associations may each be susceptible to unmeasured biases, yet not susceptible to the same biases. An observational study has two evidence factors if it provides two comparisons susceptible to different biases that may be combined as if from independent studies of different data by different investigators, despite using the same data twice. If the two factors concur, then they may exhibit greater insensitivity to unmeasured biases than either factor exhibits on its own. Replication and Evidence Factors in Observational Studies includes four parts: A concise introduction to causal inference, making the book self-contained Practical examples of evidence factors from the health and social sciences with analyses in R The theory of evidence factors Study design with evidence factors A companion R package evident is available from CRAN.

Volume III includes more selections of articles that have initiated fundamental changes in statistical methodology. It contains articles published before 1980 that were overlooked in the previous two volumes plus articles from the 1980's - all of them chosen after consulting many of today's leading statisticians.

Large Covariance and Autocovariance Matrices brings together a collection of recent results on sample covariance and autocovariance matrices in high-dimensional models and novel ideas on how to use them for statistical inference in one or more high-dimensional time series models. The prerequisites include knowledge of elementary multivariate analysis, basic time series analysis and basic results in stochastic convergence. Part I is on different methods of estimation of large covariance matrices and auto-covariance matrices and properties of these estimators. Part II covers the relevant material on random matrix theory and non-commutative probability. Part III provides results on limit spectra and asymptotic normality of traces of symmetric matrix polynomial functions of sample auto-covariance matrices in high-dimensional linear time series models. These are used to develop graphical and significance tests for different hypotheses involving one or more independent high-dimensional linear time series. The book should be of interest to people in econometrics and statistics (large covariance matrices and high-dimensional time series), mathematics (random matrices and free probability) and computer science (wireless communication). Parts of it can be used in post-graduate courses on high-dimensional statistical inference, high-dimensional random matrices and high-dimensional time series models. It should be particularly attractive to researchers developing statistical methods in high-dimensional time series models. Arup Bose is a professor at the Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India. He is a distinguished researcher in mathematical statistics and has been working in high-dimensional random matrices for the last fifteen years. He has been editor of Sankhyā for several years and has been on the editorial board of several other journals. He is a Fellow of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics, USA and all three national science academies of India, as well as the recipient of the S.S. Bhatnagar Award and the C.R. Rao Award. His first book Patterned Random Matrices was also published by Chapman & Hall. He has a forthcoming graduate text U-statistics, M-estimates and Resampling (with Snigdhansu Chatterjee) to be published by Hindustan Book Agency. Monika Bhattacharjee is a post-doctoral fellow at the Informatics Institute, University of Florida. After graduating from St. Xavier's College, Kolkata, she obtained her master’s in 2012 and PhD in 2016 from the Indian Statistical Institute. Her thesis in high-dimensional covariance and auto-covariance matrices, written under the supervision of Dr. Bose, has received high acclaim.