In this current 49th volume of the journal "Journal of Nano Research" we present to readers the collection of peer-reviewed papers by results of scientific and engineering researches from field of nanomaterials and applied nanotechnologies. We hope this collection will be useful and interesting for a wide range of engineers, scientists and students whose activity is related with creation and using of nanomaterials and nanotechnologies in the different branches of human activity.

This periodical edition includes peer-reviewed scientific and engineering papers on all aspects of research in the area of nanoscience and nanotechnologies and wide practical application of the achieved results.

An interdisciplinary introduction to the structural and scattering properties of complex photonic media, focusing on deterministic aperiodic structures and their conceptual roots in geometry and number theory. An essential tool for students at the graduate or advanced undergraduate level.

There is a growing interest in the use of nanoparticles modified with DNAs, viruses, peptides and proteins for the rational design of nanostructured functional materials and their use in biosensor applications. The challenge is to control the organization of biomolecules on nanoparticles while retaining their biological activity as potential chemical and gene therapeutics. These noble metal nanoparticles/biomolecules conjugates have specific properties and therefore they are attractive materials for nanotechnology in biochemistry and medicine. In this book, the author review work performed dealing with the DNA structure and functionalities, interactions between DNA, noble metal nanoparticles, surface active agents, solvents and other additives. Particular attention is given to how the DNA's chain length and the DNA conformation affect the interaction and structure of the nanoconjugates and nanostructures that are formed. Also discussed are the recent advances in the preparation, characterization, and applications of noble metal nanoparticles that are conjugated with DNA aptamers and oligomers. The advantages and disadvantages of functionalized nanoparticles through various detection modes are highlighted, including colorimetry, fluorescence, electrochemistry, SPR, and, mass spectrometry for the detection of small molecules and biomolecules. The functionalized noble metal nanoparticles are selective and sensitive for the analytes, showing their great potential in biosensing. Furthermore, this book reviews recent progress in the area of DNA-noble metal nanoparticles based artificial nanostructures, that is, the preparation, collective properties, and applications of various DNA-based nanostructures are also described.

The second volume of the Annual Review of Nano Research focuses mainly on nanofabrication, nanomaterials and nanostructures, and energy application of nanomaterials. All of the review chapters are contributed by well-published scientists and bring the most recent advancements in selected topics to the readers. This review volume will perfectly serve dual purposes: either as an excellent introduction to scientists whose expertise lies in different fields but who are interested in learning about nanotechnology, or as a quick reference for experts active in the field of nanotechnology and nanoscience.

Discusses the sustainability of nanomaterials in tribology, economic aspects of nanomaterials, mechanisms, and mathematical models in detail. Highlights the importance of tribology of green lubricants, green additives, and lightweight materials. Covers special topics such as orthopedic implants, dental tribology, biocompatible nanomaterials related to the role of nanomaterials in bio tribology. Presents interdisciplinary aspects such as sustainability, tribology of biological systems, and chemical aspects of nanomaterials. Explains research advancement and recent trends such as green additives, nano greases, nanocomposite tribology, and the concept of green tribology with respect to nanotechnology.

Understanding and building up the foundation of nanowire concept is a high requirement and a bridge to new technologies. Any attempt in such direction is considered as one step forward in the challenge of advanced nanotechnology. In the last few years, InTech scientific publisher has been taking the initiative of helping worldwide scientists to share and improve the methods and the nanowire technology. This book is one of InTechs attempts to contribute to the promotion of this technology.