During World War II, Japanese fighters, such as the famed Zero, were among the most respected and feared combat aircraft in the world. But for decades following the defeat of Japan in 1945, a variety of political and economic factors prevented Japan from developing its own modern national fighter. This changed in the 1980s. Japan began independently developing its first world-class fighter since World War II. After several years of contentious negotiations, the Japanese agreed to work with the United States to cooperatively develop a minimally modified F-16, the FS-X. The new fighter, however, has evolved into a world-class aircraft developed largely by Japanese industry primarily due to errors committed by the U.S. side. By the fall of 1995, fifty years after the end of World War II, the Zero for the 1990s will have made its first flight, catapulting Japan into the elite ranks of nations capable of developing the most advanced weapon systems. In "Troubled Partnership, "Mark Lorell traces the evolution of the FS-X, disclosing the conflicting economic and security objectives advanced by U.S. officials, the flawed U.S. policy of technology reciprocity, and the challenges of international collaboration. Its deep intimacy with the interplay of policy and economy will make this volume of intense interest to political scientists, military studies specialists, historians, and government officials.

The Institute of International Education outlines the forces behind the new wave of international cooperative ventures in higher education and the challenges they pose through a systematic focus on the Japan-United States transactions. Focus is placed on two prototypes: (1) U.S. accredited institutions setting up a cooperative venture in Japan to offer U.S. accredited courses, and (2) Japanese institutions setting up either a cooperative venture or an autonomous institution in the United States to offer courses that will receive credit in Japan. Chapter 1 describes differences in beliefs which can lead to reactions of dismay and resistance for these new cooperative ventures. Chapter 2, in tracing the evolution of the new ventures, points to their positive elements as well. Chapter 3 discusses some of the typical problems that emerge during negotiations. Chapter 4 examines the performance to date of these institutions in realizing their educational objectives. Chapter 5 takes up issues concerning the use of public resources and the protection of public purposes in higher education. Chapter 6 reviews of the accreditation process as it applies to international cooperative ventures. Chapter 7 offers some reflections on the challenges posed by the new arrangements. Contains 94 references. (GLR)