This comprehensive volume compiles the concepts essential for the understanding of the pharmaceutical science and technology associated with the delivery of subunit vaccines. Twenty-one chapters are divided into four main parts: (I) Background; (2) Delivery Systems for Subunit Vaccines; (3) Delivery Routes, Devices and Dosage Forms; and (4) Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Control of Vaccines. Part one provide a basic background with respect to immunology and general vaccine classification. In part two, it presents representative types of vaccine delivery systems individually with focus on the physicochemical properties of the systems and their significance for the immune response they stimulate. These delivery systems include aluminum adjuvants, emulsions, liposomes, bilosomes, cubosomes/hexosomes, ISCOMs, virus-like particles, polymeric nano- and microparticles, gels, implants and cell-based delivery systems. Following these chapters, part three addresses the challenges associated with vaccine delivery via specific routes of administration—in particular subcutaneous, intramuscular, oral, nasal, pulmonary, transdermal and vaginal administration. Furthermore, the specific administration routes are discussed in combination with device technologies relevant for the respective routes as well as dosage forms appropriate for the device technology. Finally, the fourth part concerns pharmaceutical analysis and quality control of subunit vaccines.

This volume will address an important emergent area within the field of immunomics: the discovery of antigens and adjuvants within the context of reverse vaccinology. Conventional approaches to vaccine design and development requires pathogens to be cultivated in the laboratory and the immunogenic molecules within them to be identifiable. Conventional vaccinology is no longer universally successful, particularly for recalcitrant pathogens. By using genomic information we can study vaccine development in silico: 'reverse vaccinology', can identify candidate subunits vaccines by identifying antigenic proteins and by using equally rational approaches to identify novel immune response-enhancing adjuvants.

Nanotechnology Based Approaches for Tuberculosis Treatment discusses multiple nanotechnology-based approaches that may help overcome persisting limitations of conventional and traditional treatments. The book summarizes the types of nano drugs, their synthesis, formulation, characterization and applications, along with the most important administration routes. It also explores recent advances and achievements regarding therapeutic efficacy and provides possible future applications in this field. It will be a useful resource for investigators, pharmaceutical researchers, innovators and scientists working on technology advancements in the areas of targeted therapies, nano scale imaging systems, and diagnostic modalities in tuberculosis. - Addresses the gap between nanomedicine late discovery and early development of tuberculosis therapeutics - Explores tuberculosis nanomedicine standardization and characterization with newly developed treatment, diagnostic and treatment monitoring modalities - Covers the field thoroughly, from the pathogenesis of tuberculosis and multi-drug resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis, to treatment approaches using nanotechnology and different nanocarriers

Immunopotentiators in Modern Vaccines provides an in-depth insight and overview of a number of most promising immunopotentiators in modern vaccines. In contrast to existing books on the subject it provides recent data on the critical mechanisms governing the activity of vaccine adjuvants and delivery systems. Knowledge of immunological pathways and scenarios of the cells and molecules involved is described and depicted in comprehensive illustrations. - Contributions from leading international authorities in the field - Well-illustrated, informative figures present the interactions between immunopotentiators and the host immune system - Each chapter lists advantages and potential hurdles for achieving a practical application for the specific immunopentiator

Cellular virology has made tremendous advances in the past decade due to the availability and application of new immunological techniques together with the vast range of biochemical techniques and the continued impact of transmission electron microscopy. The chapters contained in this volume provide significant coverage of the subject of cellular virology as a whole. Considerable overall emphasis is placed upon the membrane biochemistry of viral proteins and glycoproteins within the infected cell. In the opening chapter Edouard Kurstak and his colleagues provide a useful survey on the detection of viral antigens and antibodies by immunoassays. This chapter, with its emphasis on the important role of immunology in present-day virology, sets the scene for the volume. Following this is an exciting presentation from Stefan Hoglund and his colleagues on ISCOMs and immunostimulation with viral antigens. This unique approach is already proving to be of value, particularly in animal virology. A somewhat pharmacological diversion appears in Chapter 3, by Kazukiyo Onodera and his colleagues, in which the biological activity of the damavaricin C derivatives is discussed. This chapter provides a link between the biochemical and the chemotherapeutic approach in cellular virology. Yet another specialist area is covered in Chapter 4 by Otto Schmidt and hnke Schuchmann-Feddersen, who discuss the role of virus-like particles in para site-host interactions of insects. Contributing a strong biomedical emphasis to the volume is the provocative chapter by Abraham Karpas on human leukemia and retroviruses.