The Second International Conference on Ion Formation from Organic Solids (IFOS II) was held at the University of MUnster, Federal Republic of Germa ny, from September 7 to 9, 1982. The subject of the conference was the rapid ly developing field of ion formation from ~nvolatile, thermally labile organ ic compounds. Rapid progress has been made in this field in the last few years, mainly because of the discovery of unexpected new ionization proces ses such as sputtering and laser-induced desorption. The aim of the conference was twofold: to acquire a basic understanding of these "soft" ionization processes on the one hand, and to examine their present and future analytical applications on the other. ~Je sought to bring. together scientists working in fundamental as well as applied research. The participants represented such widely varied fields as pure and applied phys ics and chemistry, biochemistry, nuclear and solid-state physics, medicine, and pharmacology. These proceedings contain all of the papers presented at the conference. Six review papers cover the fundamentals of different ionization processes. The authors of these reviews were asked to give up-to-date surveys in cluding characteristics of spectra, the influence of excitation parameters, tentative models for ion formation processes, and assessments of their ana lytical applications. These reviews are followed by 26 contributed papers dealing with more specialized aspects of the ionization processes and their analytical applications.

The 3rd International Conference on Ion Formation from Organic Solids (IFOS III) was held at the University of Munster, September 16-18, 1985. The conference was attended by 60 invited scientists from all over the world. Of the 43 papers which were presented, 40 are included in these proceedings. The aim of IFOS III was to promote the exchange of results and new ideas between scientists actively working in the field of mass spectrometry of involatile materials. Various aspects of the ion formation process - realization and optimization, theoretical understanding and analytical application -were treated, as well as instrumental developments. Some emphasis was placed on recent developments in time-of-flight and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, and its impact on the mass spectrometry of involatile materials. The most important goal of the conference was to combine facets of the understanding of the most complex ion formation processes with the many different aspects of its analytical application. The participants came from a wide variety of different fields, including pure and applied physics and chemistry, medicine, pharmacy, and space research. Finally, on behalf of all the conference participants, I would like to thank Dr. W. Sichtermann and :\1iss I. Bekemeier for the perfect preparation and technical organization of the conference. The next conference in this series, IFOS IV, is planned for the autumn of 1987, in Munster.

This comprehensive up-to-date guide and information source is an instructive companion for all scientists involved in research and development of drugs and, in particular, of pharmaceutical dosage forms. The editors have taken care to address every conceivable aspect of the preparation of pharmaceutical salts and present the necessary theoretical foundations as well as a wealth of detailed practical experience in the choice of pharmaceutically active salts. Altogether, the contributions reflect the multidisciplinary nature of the science involved in selection of suitable salt forms for new drug products.

Examining the formation, transformation, and application of ion radicals in typical conditions of organic synthesis, Organic Ion Radicals: Chemistry and Applications explains the reactions and principles of ion radical chemistry. The author addresses methods of determining ion- radical mechanisms and controlling ion radical reactions, issues relating to ecology and biology, and inorganic participants in ion radical organic reactions. Applications discussed include the roles of ion radicals in biological systems and their uses in optoelectronics, organic metals, and the manufacture of paper.

Contains 23 of the 42 papers presented at the Fourth International Conference on Ion Formation from Organic Solids, held at the University of Münster, in September of 1987. These contributions reflect recent progress in ion desorption by keV-particle bombardment, ion desorption by MeV-particle bombardment, ion desorption by laser irradiation, and positionization of neutrals. Fundamental aspects, instrumentation, and analytical applications are all considered.

At the International Winter School on "Electronic Properties of Polymers and Related Compounds" particular attention was paid to a very new and special field in polymer research. It is concerned with the study of the electronic structure of polymers and with physical and chemical properties directly re lated to this structure. In particular, tutorial and research contributions on electrical, electrochemical, optical, magnetic, lattice dynamical and structural properties were presented. In addition, review reports on related topics such as charge transfer complexes and linear-chain compounds (transi tion-metal trichalcogenides) were included. In two discussion meEjtings, the special role of polyacetylene and possible present and future applications of the electronic properties of polymers, as e.g. conductors or as electrodes in electrochemical cells, were elucidated. The electronic properties of polymers cover a wide range of research problems which are of particular interest for polymers with a 1T-electron system. Thus, a great part of the work presented was concerned with conjuga ted systems. Additional presentations dealt with other systems such as bio polymers, photopolymers or electrets, which are of significant scientific and technical importance. It was demonstrated how their electronic proper ties are increasingly being investigated from a fundamental point of view by applying known concepts of snlid-state science.

Mass Spectrometry is an ideal textbook for students and professionals as well as newcomers to the field. Starting from the very first principles of gas-phase ion chemistry and isotopic properties, the textbook takes the reader through the design of mass analyzers and ionization methods all the way to mass spectral interpretation and coupling techniques. Step-by-step, the reader learns how mass spectrometry works and what it can do. The book comprises a balanced mixture of practice-oriented information and theoretical background. It features a clear layout and a wealth of high-quality figures. Exercises and solutions are located on the Springer Global Web.