International risk-sharing has far-reaching implications both for economic policy and for basic research in economics. When countries do not share consumption risk, individuals experience consumption fluctuations that are undesirable and possibly unnecessary. We investigate bilateral risk-sharing at short vs. long horizons. We find substantial cross-country consumption correlations at trend and business-cycle frequencies. Correlations are particularly high within Europe. Prior research focused on first-difference correlations, which are typically quite low. We argue that this reflects measurement error. At all horizons, we find that consumption correlations are not significantly different from output correlations, implying a lack of deliberate consumption risk-sharing. Le partage international du risque a de grandes implications à la fois pour la politique économique et pour la recherche économique de base. Quand des pays ne partagent pas les risques de consommation, les individus font l'expérience de fluctuations de consommation indésirables et possiblement non-nécessaires. On examine le partage de risque bilatéral à court et à long terme. On découvre des corrélations entre pays tant au niveau des tendances que des fréquences du cycle d'affaires. Ces corrélations sont particulièrement élevées en Europe. Des travaux antérieurs se sont concentrés sur les corrélations entre premières différences qui sont typiquement assez faibles. On suggère que ces résultats reflètent une erreur de mesure. Pour tous les horizons temporels, on découvre que les corrélations de consommation ne diffèrent pas significativement des corrélations de production - ce qui implique un manque de partage de risque délibéré au niveau de la consommation.

This volume provides a comprehensive examination of epidemics and international law from the perspective of general international law. Featuring thirty-one essays by researchers from around the world and from various areas of expertise, it demonstrates how epidemics shape - and are shaped by - international legal norms across varying domains of international law. This volume is the product of collaborative work conducted between August 2020 and April 2021 as part of the Centre for Studies and Research on Epidemics and International Law.

This thoroughly updated Second Edition of the Handbook of Youth Mentoring presents the only comprehensive synthesis of current theory, research, and practice in the field of youth mentoring. Editors David L. DuBois and Michael J. Karcher gather leading experts in the field to offer critical and informative analyses of the full spectrum of topics that are essential to advancing our understanding of the principles for effective mentoring of young people. This volume includes twenty new chapter topics and eighteen completely revised chapters based on the latest research on these topics. Each chapter has been reviewed by leading practitioners, making this handbook the strongest bridge between research and practice available in the field of youth mentoring.

This edition of the World Bank has been revised and expanded by the Terminology Unit in the Languages Services Division of the World Bank in collaboration with the English, Spanish, and French Translation Sections. The Glossary is intended to assist the Bank's translators and interpreters, other Bank staff using French and Spanish in their work, and free-lance translator's and interpreters employed by the Bank. For this reason, the Glossary contains not only financial and economic terminology and terms relating to the Bank's procedures and practices, but also terms that frequently occur in Bank documents, and others for which the Bank has a preferred equivalent. Although many of these terms, relating to such fields as agriculture, education, energy, housing, law, technology, and transportation, could be found in other sources, they have been assembled here for ease of reference. A list of acronyms occurring frequently in Bank texts (the terms to which they refer being found in the Glossary) and a list of international, regional, and national organizations will be found at the end of the Glossary.