French Abstract: Croissance des inégalités de revenus et l'écart de salaire hommes-femmes au Canada: perspectives de convergence. Cet article retrace l'évolution de la participation des femmes au marché du travail canadien et celle du rapport des salaires femmes-hommes à travers les générations afin de mieux comprendre les perspectives de convergence de ces salaires. En utilisant les données à usage public des Enquêtes sur la population active (EPA), ainsi que les données administratives sur les gains annuels des Fichier de données longitudinales sur la main-d'œ uvre (FDLMO), l'article évalue le rôle de l'augmentation des inégalités de hauts revenus dans la persistance de l'écart salarial entre les sexes. Ayant identifié l'impact croissant de la sous-représentation des femmes aux échelons supérieurs de salaires dans l'écart salarial moyen entre les sexes, cet article effectue une évaluation et analyse critique des politiques publiques de parité salariale existantes axées sur la ségrégation occupationnelle horizontale entre hommes et femmes et suggère des politiques alternatives pour l'avenir.

Standard income inequality indices can be interpreted as a measure of welfare loss entailed in departures from equality of outcomes, for egalitarian social welfare functions defined on the distribution of outcomes. But such a welfare interpretation has been criticized for a long time on the grounds that these indices are snap shot outcomes-based measures which do not take into account the process generating the observed distribution. Rather than focusing on outcomes, it is argued, we should be interested in whether the underlying process is "fair". Following this line of argument, this paper develops statistical tests for fairness within well define income distribution generating processes and a well specified notion of fairness. We find that the likelihood ratio (LR) test for fairness versus unfairness within two such processes are proportional to Theil's first and second inequality indices respectively. The LR values may either be used as a test statistic or to approximate a Bayes factor that measures the posterior probabilities of the fair version of the processes over that of the unfair. The answer to the process versus outcomes critique is thus not to stop calculating inequality measures, but to interpret their values differently - to compare them to critical values for a test of the null hypothesis of fairness, or to use them directly as a measure of the chance that the process was fair relative to the chance it was unfair. We also apply this perspective to measurement of "inequality of opportunity."

'This Economic Insights article examines the representation of women in top earnings groups - specifically, the top 0.1%, next 0.9% and next 9% of earners - and the extent to which their under-representation in these groups contributes to the overall gender gap in annual earnings. Trends are documented over almost forty years from 1978 to 2015. The study shows that the under-representation of women in top earnings groups accounts for a substantial and growing share (more than half) of the gender earnings gap. Finally, the article explores the role that gender differences in industry of employment play in the gender earnings gap'--Page 1.

The 2018/19 edition analyses the gender pay gap. The report focuses on two main challenges: how to find the most useful means for measurement, and how to break down the gender pay gap in ways that best inform policy-makers and social partners of the factors that underlie it. The report also includes a review of key policy issues regarding wages and the reduction of gender pay gaps in different national circumstances.

#1 INTERNATIONAL BESTSELLER • “A landmark manifesto" (The New York Times) that's a revelatory, inspiring call to action and a blueprint for individual growth that will empower women around the world to achieve their full potential. In her famed TED talk, Sheryl Sandberg described how women unintentionally hold themselves back in their careers. Her talk, which has been viewed more than eleven million times, encouraged women to “sit at the table,” seek challenges, take risks, and pursue their goals with gusto. Lean In continues that conversation, combining personal anecdotes, hard data, and compelling research to change the conversation from what women can’t do to what they can. Sandberg, COO of Meta (previously called Facebook) from 2008-2022, provides practical advice on negotiation techniques, mentorship, and building a satisfying career. She describes specific steps women can take to combine professional achievement with personal fulfillment, and demonstrates how men can benefit by supporting women both in the workplace and at home.

Despite increasing awareness, the gender pay gap has yet to close. In 2018, women still earned about eighty cents for every dollar men did, and that number changes when factoring in a woman's education level, profession, and ethnicity. These articles explore the discussion surrounding the gender pay gap, and highlight how our understanding of it has evolved in the past decade. Beginning with Obama's signing of the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act in his first weeks as president and leading to some of the complicated economics of paid family leave, these articles explore the factors that create a gender pay gap and point to possible solutions.