"Networks of small stream (less than 50 sq. mi.) gages have been operated by the U.S. Geological Survey throughout the country for a number of years to supplement flood information already available for large streams. The goal in operation of these networks has been to obtain sufficient data for estimating flood frequency at ungaged sites with the equivalent accuracy expected from 10 years of observed flood records. Most networks have accumulated sufficient data to satisfy these accuracy requirements. A review of these data, looking toward possible reduction of the number of gages in these networks, is now timely."--Technical report documentation page

Precipitation drives the dynamics of flows and storages in water systems, making its monitoring essential for water management. Conventionally, precipitation is monitored using in-situ and remote sensors. In-situ sensors are arranged in networks, which are usually sparse, providing continuous observations for long periods at fixed points in space, and due to the high costs of such networks, they are often sub-optimal. To increase the efficiency of the monitoring networks, we explore the use of sensors that can relocate as rainfall events develop (dynamic sensors), as well as increasing the number of sensors involving volunteers (citizens). This research focusses on the development of an approach for merging heterogeneous observations in non-stationary precipitation fields, exploring the interactions between different definitions of optimality for the design of sensor networks, as well as development of algorithms for the optimal scheduling of dynamic sensors. This study was carried out in three different case studies, including Bacchiglione River (Italy), Don River (U.K.) and Brue Catchment (U.K.) The results of this study indicate that optimal use of dynamic sensors may be useful for monitoring precipitation to support water management and flow forecasting.