Chemistry of the Notions and the Feelings.-Philosophical problems, in almost all their aspects, present themselves in the same interrogative formula now that they did two thousand years ago: how can a thing develop out of its antithesis? for example, the reasonable from the nonreasonable, the animate from the inanimate, the logical from the illogical, altruism from egoism, disinterestedness from greed, truth from error? The metaphysical philosophy formerly steered itself clear of this difficulty to such extent as to repudiate the evolution of one thing from another and to assign a miraculous origin to what it deemed highest and best, due to the very nature and being of the "thing-in-itself." The historical philosophy, on the other hand, which can no longer be viewed apart from physical science, the youngest of all philosophical methods, discovered experimentally (and its results will probably always be the same) that there is no antithesis whatever, except in the usual exaggerations of popular or metaphysical comprehension, and that an error of the reason is at the bottom of such contradiction. According to its explanation, there is, strictly speaking, neither unselfish conduct, nor a wholly disinterested point of view. Both are simply sublimations in which the basic element seems almost evaporated and betrays its presence only to the keenest observation. All that we need and that could possibly be given us in the present state of development of the sciences, is a chemistry of the moral, religious, aesthetic conceptions and feeling, as well as of those emotions which we experience in the affairs, great and small, of society and civilization, and which we are sensible of even in solitude. But what if this chemistry established the fact that, even in its domain, the most magnificent results were attained with the basest and most despised ingredients? Would many feel disposed to continue such investigations? Mankind loves to put by the questions of its origin and beginning: must one not be almost inhuman in order to follow the opposite course?

This is Friedrich Nietzsche's seminal work; "Human, All Too Human: A Book for Free Spirits" - first published in 1878. It constitutes the first work in his signature aphoristic style, discussing many different concepts in brief paragraphs and sentences. The 638 aphorisms are divided into nine sections by subject, with a short poem as an epilogue. This fantastic book is highly recommended for students of philosophy, and is not to be missed by fans of Nietzsche's work. Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (1844 - 1900) was a German philosopher, poet, composer, and scholar. He wrote numerous critical essays on morality, culture, philosophy, science, and religion - radically questioning the value and objectivity of truth. Many antiquarian texts such as this, particularly those dating back to the 1900s and before, are increasingly hard to come by and expensive. It is with this in mind that we are republishing this book now in an affordable, modern, high quality edition. It comes complete with a specially commissioned new biography of the author.

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This wide-ranging and inspiring volume of essays explores Nietzsche's philosophy of the free spirit. Nietzsche begins to articulate his philosophy of the free spirit in 1878 and it results in his most congenial books, including Human, all too Human, Dawn (or Daybreak), and The Gay Science. It is one of the most neglected aspects of Nietzsche's corpus, yet crucially important to an understanding of his work. Written by leading Nietzsche scholars from Europe and North America, the essays in this book explore topics such as: the kind of freedom practiced by the free spirit; the free spirit's relation to truth; the play between laughter and seriousness in the free spirit period texts; integrity and the free spirit; health and the free spirit; the free spirit and cosmopolitanism; and the figure of the free spirit in Nietzsche's later writings. This book fills a significant gap in the available literature and will set the agenda for future research in Nietzsche Studies.

Human, All Too Human by German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche was first published in 1878. It is a collection of aphorisms, ranging in length from a few words to a few pages. A second (Miscellaneous Maxims And Opinions) and a third part (The Wanderer And His Shadow) were published over the next couple of years and were first published as a three volume set. This was changed to a 2 volume edition in 1886. This edition includes all three parts. The first book is split into nine sections: Of First and Last Things (dealing with the subject of metaphysics); On the History of Moral Feelings (discusses and challenges the idea of Christian good and evil); From the Soul of Artists and Writers (where Nietzsche dismisses the concept of divine inspiration); Signs of Higher and Lower Culture (in which he criticises Charles Darwin and the survival of the fittest theory); Man in Society and Women and Child (discusses the nature of men, women, and children); Man Alone with Himself (a collection of mostly short aphorisms). Like most of his books, Human, All Too Human didn't sell well during Nietzsche's lifetime - only selling 120 copies when it was first printed. Another fact about the book is how it was taken on board by an archivist and Hitler supporter called Max Oehler, who saw it as evidence of Nietzsche's support for anti-Semitism, which Nietzsche actually wrote against in other works such as Thus Spoke Zarathustra and The Antichrist.

Friedrich Nietzsche was one of the most revolutionary thinkers in Western philosophy. Here he sets out his subversive views in a series of aphorisms on subjects ranging from art to arrogance, boredom to passion, science to vanity, rejecting conventional notions of morality to celebrate the individual’s ‘will to power’. Throughout history, some books have changed the world. They have transformed the way we see ourselves – and each other. They have inspired debate, dissent, war and revolution. They have enlightened, outraged, provoked and comforted. They have enriched lives – and destroyed them. Now Penguin brings you the works of the great thinkers, pioneers, radicals and visionaries whose ideas shook civilization and helped make us who we are.