The first full-length work to analyze the closing phase of negotiations, identifying the negotiators' behavior patterns in the endgame.

After a war breaks out, what factors influence the warring parties' decisions about whether to talk to their enemy, and when may their position on wartime diplomacy change? How do we get from only fighting to also talking? In The Costs of Conversation, Oriana Skylar Mastro argues that states are primarily concerned with the strategic costs of conversation, and these costs need to be low before combatants are willing to engage in direct talks with their enemy. Specifically, Mastro writes, leaders look to two factors when determining the probable strategic costs of demonstrating a willingness to talk: the likelihood the enemy will interpret openness to diplomacy as a sign of weakness, and how the enemy may change its strategy in response to such an interpretation. Only if a state thinks it has demonstrated adequate strength and resiliency to avoid the inference of weakness, and believes that its enemy has limited capacity to escalate or intensify the war, will it be open to talking with the enemy. Through four primary case studies—North Vietnamese diplomatic decisions during the Vietnam War, those of China in the Korean War and Sino-Indian War, and Indian diplomatic decision making in the latter conflict—The Costs of Conversation demonstrates that the costly conversations thesis best explains the timing and nature of countries' approach to wartime talks, and therefore when peace talks begin. As a result, Mastro's findings have significant theoretical and practical implications for war duration and termination, as well as for military strategy, diplomacy, and mediation.

Describes a method of negotiation that isolates problems, focuses on interests, creates new options, and uses objective criteria to help two parties reach an agreement.

The part of a negotiation that every negotiator wants to get to as quickly as possible is the closing. This is when your prize is insight: the deal that you want is so close that you could almost reach out and touch it. However, it turns out that this is the most dangerous part of a negotiation - it can all slip away from you if you don't know how to navigate the closing correctly. What You'll Find Inside: 6 WAYS TO BREAK A NEGOTIATION DEADLOCK (PLUS ONE MORE) EVERY NEGOTIATION NEEDS A RAP(PORT) STAR! SUCCEED BY BRINGING THE GHOST WHISPERER TO THE NEGOTIATION A SALES NEGOTIATOR'S GUIDE TO DEALING WITH A DEADLOCK Negotiating is a skill that we hone by using it over and over again. Opportunities to practice our negotiating skills come in all shapes and sizes and buying a car is one such event. Another way to get better at this thing that we call negotiating is by watching what other profession negotiators do. Negotiations between businesses and their workers, such as Verizon and the CWA / IBEW or even between two businesses such as EA and Take Two can offer us important learning experiences. In labor negotiations, it's the balance of power that can often determine which side walks away from the bargaining table with the best deal. Over at Boeing with the large number of different unions that the company has to deal with this has been shown to be true over and over again. In order to be able to successfully close a negotiation, you need to have built up a strong foundation that will allow you to move the negotiation to a close. This involves building rapport with the other side of the table and also knowing just exactly who is calling the shots for the other side. Finally, the closing of a negotiation often comes about because of a deadline or perhaps because both parties have reached a deadlock that they can't resolve. In both cases, your ability to get the deal that you want will be at risk. Knowing how to deal with these situations is a core skill that every negotiator needs to master. For more information on what it takes to be a great negotiator, check out my blog, The Accidental Negotiator, at: www.TheAccidentalNegotiator.com

Most studies of international negotiations take successful talks as their subject. With a few notable exceptions, analysts have paid little attention to negotiations ending in failure. The essays in Unfinished Business show that as much, if not more, can be learned from failed negotiations as from successful negotiations with mediocre outcomes. Failure in this study pertains to a set of negotiating sessions that were convened for the purpose of achieving an agreement but instead broke up in continued disagreement. Seven case studies compose the first part of this volume: the United Nations negotiations on Iraq, the Middle East Peace Summit at Camp David in 2000, Iran-European Union negotiations, the Cyprus conflict, the Biological Weapons Convention, the London Conference of 1830–33 on the status of Belgium, and two hostage negotiations (Waco and the Munich Olympics). These case studies provide examples of different types of failed negotiations: bilateral, multilateral, and mediated (or trilateral). The second part of the book analyzes empirical findings from the case studies as causes of failure falling in four categories: actors, structure, strategy, and process. This is an analytical framework recommended by the Processes of International Negotiation, arguably the leading society dedicated to research in this area. The last section of Unfinished Business contains two summarizing chapters that provide broader conclusions—lessons for theory and lessons for practice.

As the threat of superpower confrontation diminishes in the post-cold war era, civil wars and their regional ramifications are emerging as the primary challenge to international peace and security. Through the use of case studies this volume provides a revealing look at the nature of internal confli

A former international hostage negotiator for the FBI offers a new, field-tested approach to high-stakes negotiations—whether in the boardroom or at home. After a stint policing the rough streets of Kansas City, Missouri, Chris Voss joined the FBI, where his career as a hostage negotiator brought him face-to-face with a range of criminals, including bank robbers and terrorists. Reaching the pinnacle of his profession, he became the FBI’s lead international kidnapping negotiator. Never Split the Difference takes you inside the world of high-stakes negotiations and into Voss’s head, revealing the skills that helped him and his colleagues succeed where it mattered most: saving lives. In this practical guide, he shares the nine effective principles—counterintuitive tactics and strategies—you too can use to become more persuasive in both your professional and personal life. Life is a series of negotiations you should be prepared for: buying a car, negotiating a salary, buying a home, renegotiating rent, deliberating with your partner. Taking emotional intelligence and intuition to the next level, Never Split the Difference gives you the competitive edge in any discussion.