HOODOO PEOPLE: Afurakanu/Afuraitkaitnut (Africans) in North America - Akan Custodians of Hoodoo from Ancient Hoodoo/Udunu Land (Khanit/Nubia)
Title | HOODOO PEOPLE: Afurakanu/Afuraitkaitnut (Africans) in North America - Akan Custodians of Hoodoo from Ancient Hoodoo/Udunu Land (Khanit/Nubia) PDF eBook |
Author | Odwirafo Kwesi Ra Nehem Ptah Akhan |
Publisher | Odwirafo Kwesi Ra Nehem Ptah Akhan |
Pages | 36 |
Release | |
Genre | History |
ISBN |
HOODOO PEOPLE: Afurakanu/Afuraitkaitnut (Africans) in North America - Akan Custodians of Hoodoo from Ancient Hoodoo/Udunu Land (Khanit/Nubia) Afurakanu/Afuraitkaitnut (Africans~Black People) in North america brought our Hoodoo religion and culture with us in our blood-circles from Afuraka/Afuraitkait (Africa) during the Mmusuo Kese (Great Perversity/Enslavement Era). This is an unbroken tradition which is not only intergenerational, but transcarnational. This means that it was and is informed by the Abosom and our Nananom Nsamanfo, Akan terms for Deities/Divine Spirit-Forces that animate Creation and our Spiritually Cultivated Ancestresses and Ancestors. It is through the Abosom (Deities) that our Ancestral Religious traditions are established. This is true of all Afurakanu/Afuraitkaitnut (Africans) wherever we are in the world. When the Abosom first possessed our Ancestresses and Ancestors via ritual and communicated the Divine Order of Creation directly to them, our religious practice was established. When those first Ancestresses and Ancestors preserved what they were taught by the Abosom and transferred that tradition via protocols to their posterity without profanation, our religious practice was/is perpetuated. Our knowledge of Nyamewaa-Nyame Nhyehyee, The Mother and Father Supreme Being’s Order (Divine Order), our role in the Divine Order and the means by which we can ritually incorporate Divine Law and ritually restore Divine Balance to our lives is replenished in every generation as the Abosom and Nananom Nsamanfo continue to communicate with us via spirit-possession and spirit-communication. Ancestral Spirit possession includes communication with our ancient Afurakani/Afuraitkaitnit (African) Ancestresses and Ancestors up to our recently transitioned Ancestresses and Ancestors of good character. Whenever we have children we have drawn one or more of our Nsamanfo, our Ancestresses and Ancestors, into the womb to return to Asaase Afua (Earth Mother) once again. The knowledge of the religion and culture is written into their Okra/Okraa, their Soul/Divine Consciousness by Nyamewaa-Nyame, the Supreme Being. As they grow and develop they access this Ancestral knowledge and incorporate it into every aspect of their lives when properly acculturated. Through this process they positively impact the lives of everyone in the community. This is transcarnational transmission of culture, the intergenerational spiri-genetic transmission of culture which was/is impervious to being broken through the horrors of the Mmusuo Kese (enslavement).
AKRADINBOSOM: Akan Abosom (Deities) of the Okra/Okraa (Soul) and the 7-Day Akan Week
Title | AKRADINBOSOM: Akan Abosom (Deities) of the Okra/Okraa (Soul) and the 7-Day Akan Week PDF eBook |
Author | Odwirafo Kwesi Ra Nehem Ptah Akhan |
Publisher | Odwirafo Kwesi Ra Nehem Ptah Akhan |
Pages | 60 |
Release | |
Genre | |
ISBN |
AKRADINBOSOM: Akan Abosom (Deities) of the Okra/Okraa (Soul) and the 7-Day Akan Week From Ancient Khanit (Nubia) to Afurakanu/Afuraitkaitnut (Africans) in America Volume 1: Nokwaresem - Trustorical Cosmology Our publication of the six volume set, AKRADINBOSOM: Akan Abosom (Deities) of the Okra/Okraa and the 7-Day week – From Ancient Khanit (Nubia) to Afurakanu/Afuraitkaitnut (Africans) in America is the first of its kind. The Akradinbosom are a particular grouping of Abosom, the Akan term for Deities – the Divine Spirit-Forces in Creation. The Akradinbosom, the major Divine Powers Who animate the solar, lunar and planetary bodies which govern the seven-day week have never been addressed in a publication regarding their identity, the nature of their functioning in Creation and their relationship to the Afurakani/Afuraitkaitnit (African) individual in Akan culture. The Akradinbosom are the major Abosom (Deities) who govern all natural cycles in Creation and thus all natural cycles upon Asaase (Earth). We examine the direct relationship that these Abosom (Deities) have with Akan people based on the unique manner in which we have interfaced with them over the millennia. We elucidate how the Akradinbosom are assigned to the Okra/Okraa, the Soul, of each Akan individual pre-incarnation and are thereby directly tied to the Divine function, life-focus, purpose or ‘destiny’ the nkra/nkrabea of every Akan male and female. The super-structure of the nnawotwe, the seven-day week and the Abosom that govern it also governs every aspect of Akan life. This is true of Akan people in the regions of contemporary Ghana and Ivory Coast, West Afuraka/Afuraitkait (Africa) as well as those Akan people who were forced to migrate to the western hemisphere during the Mmusuo Kese, the Great Perversity/Enslavement era. Those of us who reside in North, Central, South america and the Caribbean who are of direct, spiri-genetic Akan Ancestry, have always been directly impacted by the Akradinbosom, the Abosom (Deities) who continue to communicate with us, possess us, heal us, empower us and guide us throughout the course of our lives. In Volume 1: Nokwaresem – Trustorical Cosmology, we address the nokwaresem, the trustory (true-story, true history) of the Akradinbosom, their cosmological place in Creation, the nature of their relationship to the Great Mother and Great Father, Nyamewaa-Nyame, The Supreme Being, and their assignment to our spirits by Nyamewaa-Nyame before we incarnate into the womb and eventually born into the world. We address bebra, reincarnation, in relation to the provenance of the Okra/Okraa, the Soul, as a Deity in its own right assigned to dwell within the head region of the Afurakani/Afuraitkaitnit (African) individual. We examine the relationship of our Okra/Okraa, Soul, and the specific Kradinbosom that governs our Okra/Okraa. We address the spiritual and political ramifications of our adherence or non-adherence to the guidance of our Kradinbosom facilitated through the agency of our Okra/Okraa. We properly define Afurakani/Afuraitkaitnit (African) Ancestral Religion and Culture, Nanasom and Amammere, as critical to our alignment and realignment with Divine Order on a consistent basis through the agency of spiritual alignment and realignment with our Okra/Okraa, Soul and the Kradinbosom governing the Okra/Okraa. We also elucidate the Akan origin of the seven-day week, tracing our roots to ancient Khanit (Khan/Akan land) and Khahnu – ancient Nubia and Libya, our migrations north to settle Kamit (Egypt) and further migrations north into the Near East to establish the civilization of ancient Kangi or Sumer. We demonstrate for the first time that the names and functions of the Deities of the Sun, Moon and Planets in ancient Sumer and Akkad (later Babylon) are found in the Akan language and ritual practices today unchanged. We also show that these are the same Deities with the same descriptive titles and functions in ancient Khanit and Kamit (Nubia and Egypt). The whites and their offspring learned of the seven-day week from our Afurakani/Afuraitkaitnit (African) Ancestresses and Ancestors. The seven-day week was taken into the Near East from Afuraka/Afuraitkait (Africa). In Volumes 2-6: Abosomsem – Spiritual Cosmology, we examine the nature and function of each of the eleven Akradinbosom in various aspects of Creation including their solar, lunar, stellar and Earthly manifestations as well as their shrines within the physical and spiritual anatomy the physical and spiritual organs and organs’ systems of the Akan individual. We also address their manifestations in ancient Khanit and Kamit (Nubia and Egypt) and through a comparative analysis their manifestations in Yoruba, Fon and Ewe culture and religious practice as Orisha and Vodou. In the Hoodoo tradition in North america, the Akradinbosom are recognized and worshipped. As we have demonstrated in our publication HOODOO PEOPLE: Afurakanu/Afuraitkaitnut (Africans) in North America – Akan Custodians of Hoodoo from Ancient Hoodoo/Udunu Land (Khanit/Nubia), the Hoodoo (Ndu) Religion is the Akan Ancestral Religion in North america. It is through a Hoodoo Hwehwemu, a Hoodoo Analysis, that we are empowered by our Nananom Nsamanfo and the Akradinbosom, our Spiritually Cultivated Ancestresses and Ancestors of our direct blood-circles and the Deities who govern our heads, to elucidate the origin, nature and function of the Akradinbosom for the first time. This analysis is corroborated by archaeological, genetic and anthropological, including linguistic, data. This work will be the foundation for many other publications properly delineating the nuanced role of the Akradinbosom in Creation. Odwirafo Kwesi Ra Nehem Ptah Akhan Aakhuamuman Amaruka Atifi Mu Akwamu Nation in North America Odwiraman www.odwirafo.com
KAMIT HENA NTORO - The Black Nation and Divinity
Title | KAMIT HENA NTORO - The Black Nation and Divinity PDF eBook |
Author | Odwirafo Kwesi Ra Nehem Ptah Akhan |
Publisher | Odwirafo Kwesi Ra Nehem Ptah Akhan |
Pages | 60 |
Release | |
Genre | |
ISBN |
KAMIT HENA NTORO - The Black Nation and Divinity The culture and people of ancient Khanit and Kamit (Nubia and Egypt) are Ancestral to Afurakanu/Afuraitkaitnut (Africans~Black People) all over the continent of Afuraka/Afuraitkait (Africa) and around the world. Archaelogical data and genetic data when properly assessed has borne out the direct material and genetic link of contemporary Afurakanu/Afuraitkaitnut (Africans), inclusive of those on the continent and those who migrated or were forced to migrate outside of the continent, to the Ancestral culture and population of Khanit and Kamit which spans over 40,000 years. What is referred to as anthropological data is the third leg of a three-legged stool including archaeological and biological data which allows us to properly identify ourselves through time wherever we have existed in the world. However, anthropolgical data, inclusive of the study language, family organiztion, cultural and ritual customs and more is only revealing when a firm knowledge of the cosmology is attained. In Afurakani/Afuraitkaitnit (African) Ancestral culture, knowledge of the cosmology is derived from the Ancestral Religion. Afurakani/Afuraitkaitnit (African) Ancestral Religion is informed by the Deities, the Divine Spirit-Forces in Creation, who are directed by the Great Mother and Great Father, the Supreme Being, to engage the process of spirit-possession and spirit-communication... ...In this publication we address the nature of the idenity of our people and our relationship with the Deities as codified in the ancient terms Kamit and Ntoro. These terms spelled in the medutu (hieroglyphs) typically without consonants: Kmt and Ntr define the ‘Black Nation and Divinity’. We utilize the Akan language and culture to elucidate the proper meaning of these terms, their proper vocalizations and their etymological and cosmological foundations rooted in the Ancestral Religion of Afurakani/Afuraitkaitnit (African~Black) people. This publication is the first to fully and properly define these terms.
AKRADINBOSOM: Akan Abosom of the Okra/Okraa (Soul) and the 7-Day Akan Week
Title | AKRADINBOSOM: Akan Abosom of the Okra/Okraa (Soul) and the 7-Day Akan Week PDF eBook |
Author | Odwirafo Kwesi Ra Nehem Ptah Akhan |
Publisher | Odwirafo Kwesi Ra Nehem Ptah Akhan |
Pages | 60 |
Release | |
Genre | |
ISBN |
AKRADINBOSOM: Akan Abosom of the Okra/Okraa (Soul) and the 7-Day Akan Week From Ancient Khanit (Nubia) to Afurakanu/Afuraitkaitnut (Africans) in America Volume 2: Abosomsem - Spiritual Cosmology - Awusi ne Adwoa (Ausar and Auset) Our publication of the six volume set, AKRADINBOSOM: Akan Abosom (Deities) of the Okra/Okraa and the 7-Day week – From Ancient Khanit (Nubia) to Afurakanu/Afuraitkaitnut (Africans) in America is the first of its kind. The Akradinbosom are a particular grouping of Abosom, the Akan term for Deities – the Divine Spirit-Forces in Creation. The Akradinbosom, the major Divine Powers Who animate the solar, lunar and planetary bodies which govern the seven-day week have never been addressed in a publication regarding their identity, the nature of their functioning in Creation and their relationship to the Afurakani/Afuraitkaitnit (African) individual in Akan culture. The Akradinbosom are the major Abosom (Deities) who govern all natural cycles in Creation and thus all natural cycles upon Asaase (Earth). We examine the direct relationship that these Abosom (Deities) have with Akan people based on the unique manner in which we have interfaced with them over the millennia. We elucidate how the Akradinbosom are assigned to the Okra/Okraa, the Soul, of each Akan individual pre-incarnation and are thereby directly tied to the Divine function, life-focus, purpose or ‘destiny’ the nkra/nkrabea of every Akan male and female. The super-structure of the nnawotwe, the seven-day week and the Abosom that govern it also governs every aspect of Akan life. This is true of Akan people in the regions of contemporary Ghana and Ivory Coast, West Afuraka/Afuraitkait (Africa) as well as those Akan people who were forced to migrate to the western hemisphere during the Mmusuo Kese, the Great Perversity/Enslavement era. Those of us who reside in North, Central, South america and the Caribbean who are of direct, spiri-genetic Akan Ancestry, have always been directly impacted by the Akradinbosom, the Abosom (Deities) who continue to communicate with us, possess us, heal us, empower us and guide us throughout the course of our lives. In Volume 1: Nokwaresem – Trustorical Cosmology, we address the nokwaresem, the trustory (true-story, true history) of the Akradinbosom, their cosmological place in Creation, the nature of their relationship to the Great Mother and Great Father, Nyamewaa-Nyame, The Supreme Being, and their assignment to our spirits by Nyamewaa-Nyame before we incarnate into the womb and eventually born into the world. We address bebra, reincarnation, in relation to the provenance of the Okra/Okraa, the Soul, as a Deity in its own right assigned to dwell within the head region of the Afurakani/Afuraitkaitnit (African) individual. We examine the relationship of our Okra/Okraa, Soul, and the specific Kradinbosom that governs our Okra/Okraa. We address the spiritual and political ramifications of our adherence or non-adherence to the guidance of our Kradinbosom facilitated through the agency of our Okra/Okraa. We properly define Afurakani/Afuraitkaitnit (African) Ancestral Religion and Culture, Nanasom and Amammere, as critical to our alignment and realignment with Divine Order on a consistent basis through the agency of spiritual alignment and realignment with our Okra/Okraa, Soul and the Kradinbosom governing the Okra/Okraa. We also elucidate the Akan origin of the seven-day week, tracing our roots to ancient Khanit (Khan/Akan land) and Khahnu – ancient Nubia and Libya, our migrations north to settle Kamit (Egypt) and further migrations north into the Near East to establish the civilization of ancient Kangi or Sumer. We demonstrate for the first time that the names and functions of the Deities of the Sun, Moon and Planets in ancient Sumer and Akkad (later Babylon) are found in the Akan language and ritual practices today unchanged. We also show that these are the same Deities with the same descriptive titles and functions in ancient Khanit and Kamit (Nubia and Egypt). The whites and their offspring learned of the seven-day week from our Afurakani/Afuraitkaitnit (African) Ancestresses and Ancestors. The seven-day week was taken into the Near East from Afuraka/Afuraitkait (Africa). In Volumes 2-6: Abosomsem – Spiritual Cosmology, we examine the nature and function of each of the eleven Akradinbosom in various aspects of Creation including their solar, lunar, stellar and Earthly manifestations as well as their shrines within the physical and spiritual anatomy the physical and spiritual organs and organs’ systems of the Akan individual. We also address their manifestations in ancient Khanit and Kamit (Nubia and Egypt) and through a comparative analysis their manifestations in Yoruba, Fon and Ewe culture and religious practice as Orisha and Vodou. In the Hoodoo tradition in North america, the Akradinbosom are recognized and worshipped. As we have demonstrated in our publication HOODOO PEOPLE: Afurakanu/Afuraitkaitnut (Africans) in North America – Akan Custodians of Hoodoo from Ancient Hoodoo/Udunu Land (Khanit/Nubia), the Hoodoo (Ndu) Religion is the Akan Ancestral Religion in North america. It is through a Hoodoo Hwehwemu, a Hoodoo Analysis, that we are empowered by our Nananom Nsamanfo and the Akradinbosom, our Spiritually Cultivated Ancestresses and Ancestors of our direct blood-circles and the Deities who govern our heads, to elucidate the origin, nature and function of the Akradinbosom for the first time. This analysis is corroborated by archaeological, genetic and anthropological, including linguistic, data. This work will be the foundation for many other publications properly delineating the nuanced role of the Akradinbosom in Creation. In this volume we examine the nature and function of the Abosom Awusi and Adwoa who are called Ausar and Auset (misnomered Osiris and Isis) in ancient Khanit and Kamit. Odwirafo Kwesi Ra Nehem Ptah Akhan Aakhuamuman Amaruka Atifi Mu Akwamu Nation in North America Odwiraman www.odwirafo.com
REKHIT HENA SPERET: Etymology and Cosmology of 'Religion' and 'Spirit'
Title | REKHIT HENA SPERET: Etymology and Cosmology of 'Religion' and 'Spirit' PDF eBook |
Author | Odwirafo Kwesi Ra Nehem Ptah Akhan |
Publisher | Odwirafo Kwesi Ra Nehem Ptah Akhan |
Pages | 32 |
Release | |
Genre | |
ISBN |
REKHIT HENA SPERET Etymology and Cosmology of 'Religion' and 'Spirit' Afurakani/Afuraitkaitnit (African) Ancestral Religion IS Spirituality Excerpt from the Introduction: The notion that one is ‘spiritual but not religious’ or ‘into spirituality and not religion’ or that ‘religion is different from spirituality’ is totally inaccurate and born of ignorance of the etymological and cosmological roots and origins of the terms. The terms religion and spirit come directly from the Ancestral language of Afurakani/Afuraitkaitnit (African~Black) people as documented in ancient Khanit and Kamit (Nubia and Egypt), our civilization founded over 40,000 years ago. Our cosmology born of our ritual practices as Afurakanu/Afuraitkaitnut (Africans~Black People) interfacing with the Deities and Ancestral Spirits gave birth to the words in our primordial Ancestral language. This includes the origins of the terms religion and spirit. These root terms continue to be spoken in our contemporary Afurakani/Afuraitkainit (African) dialects today wherever we exist in the world. This is the first publication to accurately elucidate the etymology and cosmology of religion and spirit. Religion and Spirituality are identical. It is pseudo-religion which is incongruent with spirituality. It was and is a political ploy initiated and perpetuated by the whites and their offspring to separate religion from spirituality and misdefine both terms. This ploy is designed, on one hand, to promote the pseudo-religions with their fictional characters who never existed in any form nor of any race inlcuding: christianity and jesus, islam and allah, judaism and yahweh, hinduism and brahmin, buddhism and buddha, etc. The doctrines of these pseudo-religions are designed to enslave the minds of Afurakanu/Afuraitkaitnut (Africans) and by extension support white socio-economic and political control. On the other hand, the whites and their offspring promote alternative pseudo-‘spiritualities’ to entrap those of our people who have broken away from the established pseudo-‘religions’. New-age ‘spirituality’, ‘native’-american ‘spirituality’, kabbalism, sufism, hermeticism, wicca, gnosticism, various forms of european ‘magic’, vedanta, taoism, eastern and oriental ‘spirituality’, extraterrestrialism, drug-addict ‘spirituality’ and more are variegated expressions of these pseudo-‘spiritualities’ which serve to enslave the minds of Afurakanu/Afuraitkaitnut (Africans) as well, simply packaged in different yet related rhetoric and symbolism. The result of embracing the pseudo-religions and pseudo-spiritualities for Afurakani/Afuraitkaitnit (African) people is the rejection of our identity, our Ancestral culture, our connection with the actual Deities/Divine Spirit-Forces in Creation and the Ancestral Spirits of our direct blood-circles and thus our capacitiy to align with Divine Order – inclusive of the Divine Mandate to exterminate our enemies. None of the ‘practices’ of the whites and their offspring qualify as religion nor spirituality. The only religion that has ever existed and ever will exist is Afurakani/Afuraitkaitnit (African) Ancestral Religion in its varied expressions in Afuraka/Afuraitkait (Africa) such as: Akan, Yoruba, Fon, Ewe, Fang, Senufo, Khoi Khoi, Twa, Maasai, Gikuyu, Chokwe, Bassa, Lemba, Tuareg, Bakongo, Fula, Xhosa, Bambara, Dogon and more. Afurakani/Afuraitkaitnit (African) Ancestral Religion also includes its varied expressions outside of Afuraka/Afuraitkait (Africa) wherever Afurakani/Afuraitkaitnit (African~Black) people migrated or were forced to migrate around the world including in the western hemisphere inclusive of Hoodoo (Akan), Vodoun (Fon, Ewe), Juju (Yoruba), Gris Gris (Bambara), Wanga (Ovambo), Ngengang (Fang, Bakongo), Lukumi (Yoruba), Candomble (Yoruba, Fon), Winti (Akan) and more. All of these expressions of Ancestral Religion are united as they derive from our Ancestresses and Ancestors and thus our inherited capacity to align with the Great Mother and Great Father, Amenet and Amen – The Supreme Being through the agency of the Ntorotu/Ntorou and Aakhutu/Aakhu – the Deities and Ancestral Spirits. This capacity to align with Divine Order is the exclusive domain of Afurakani/Afuraitkaitnit (African~Black) people as we are the only created people in Creation and thus the only people who can experience spirit-possession and spirit-communication – direct interfacing with the Divinities that animate the Created Universe. This is Afurakani/Afuraitkaitnit (African) Ancestral Spirituality. The return to Afurakani/Afuraitkaitnit (African) Ancestral Religion is the reembracing of our Ancestral Spirituality as Afurakani/Afuraitkaitnit (African~Black) people. It is the animation of our Ancestral Culture, our transcarnationally inherited way of life, which is defined as the Divine acceptance (Law/Love) of Order and the Divine rejection (Hate) of disorder. Amenet-Amen Sekher, Nyamewaa-Nyame Nhyehyee, The Supreme Being’s Order – Divine Order is our foundation. It is the basis of our development and the root of our Revolutionary-Resolutionary capacity to eradicate our enemies, reestablish our civlization and maintain our civilization.
Reading Religion and Spirituality in Jamaican Reggae Dancehall Dance
Title | Reading Religion and Spirituality in Jamaican Reggae Dancehall Dance PDF eBook |
Author | 'H' Patten |
Publisher | Routledge |
Pages | 316 |
Release | 2022-03-30 |
Genre | Performing Arts |
ISBN | 100054642X |
This book explores the genealogy of Jamaican dancehall while questioning whether dancehall has a spiritual underscoring, foregrounding dance, and cultural expression. This study identifies the performance and performative (behavioural actions) that may be considered as representing spiritual ritual practices within the reggae/dancehall dance phenomenon. It does so by juxtaposing reggae/dancehall against Jamaican African/neo-African spiritual practices such as Jonkonnu masquerade, Revivalism and Kumina, alongside Christianity and post-modern holistic spiritual approaches. This book will be of great interest to students and scholars in performance studies, popular culture, music, theology, cultural studies, Jamaican/Caribbean culture, and dance specialists.
Mojo Workin'
Title | Mojo Workin' PDF eBook |
Author | Katrina Hazzard-Donald |
Publisher | University of Illinois Press |
Pages | 251 |
Release | 2012-12-30 |
Genre | Social Science |
ISBN | 0252094468 |
A bold reconsideration of Hoodoo belief and practice Katrina Hazzard-Donald explores African Americans' experience and practice of the herbal, healing folk belief tradition known as Hoodoo. She examines Hoodoo culture and history by tracing its emergence from African traditions to religious practices in the Americas. Working against conventional scholarship, Hazzard-Donald argues that Hoodoo emerged first in three distinct regions she calls "regional Hoodoo clusters" and that after the turn of the nineteenth century, Hoodoo took on a national rather than regional profile. The spread came about through the mechanism of the "African Religion Complex," eight distinct cultural characteristics familiar to all the African ethnic groups in the United States. The first interdisciplinary examination to incorporate a full glossary of Hoodoo culture, Mojo Workin': The Old African American Hoodoo System lays out the movement of Hoodoo against a series of watershed changes in the American cultural landscape. Hazzard-Donald examines Hoodoo material culture, particularly the "High John the Conquer" root, which practitioners employ for a variety of spiritual uses. She also examines other facets of Hoodoo, including rituals of divination such as the "walking boy" and the "Ring Shout," a sacred dance of Hoodoo tradition that bears its corollaries today in the American Baptist churches. Throughout, Hazzard-Donald distinguishes between "Old tradition Black Belt Hoodoo" and commercially marketed forms that have been controlled, modified, and often fabricated by outsiders; this study focuses on the hidden system operating almost exclusively among African Americans in the Black spiritual underground.