These guidelines provide guidance on the diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the use of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection and the care of people living with HIV. They are structured along the continuum of HIV testing, prevention, treatment and care. This edition updates the 2013 consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs following an extensive review of evidence and consultations in mid-2015, shared at the end of 2015, and now published in full in 2016. It is being published in a changing global context for HIV and for health more broadly.

Advances in HIV Treatment: HIV Enzyme Inhibitors and Antiretroviral Therapy presents comprehensive and updated information on drug therapies used to treat and manage HIV infection in human patients. The volume is organized in to chapters detailing respective classes of HIV Drugs including HIV entry inhibitors, reverse transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs), integrase strand inhibitors (INSTIs), and protease inhibitors (PIs). Each chapter compiles background information, pharmacology and clinical aspects such as side effects on the specific classes of drugs represented. Available data for ongoing research for new targets, including vaccines is also presented. Readers will also find a useful introduction to HIV virology and pathogenesis as well as a comparison of the availability and activity of these agents in different populations, opening a discussion on the influence of genetics and resources in curbing the HIV epidemic. Advances in HIV Treatment: HIV Enzyme Inhibitors and Antiretroviral Therapy is, therefore, a holistic resource for researchers, healthcare professionals and clinicians interested in understanding antiretroviral drugs and the management of HIV infection/AIDS. The volume is also of interest to undergraduate and graduate students undertaking specialized courses in pharmacology and HIV/AIDS management.

Infectious diseases are the leading cause of death globally, particularly among children and young adults. The spread of new pathogens and the threat of antimicrobial resistance pose particular challenges in combating these diseases. Major Infectious Diseases identifies feasible, cost-effective packages of interventions and strategies across delivery platforms to prevent and treat HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted infections, tuberculosis, malaria, adult febrile illness, viral hepatitis, and neglected tropical diseases. The volume emphasizes the need to effectively address emerging antimicrobial resistance, strengthen health systems, and increase access to care. The attainable goals are to reduce incidence, develop innovative approaches, and optimize existing tools in resource-constrained settings.

The Social Security Administration (SSA) uses a screening tool called the Listing of Impairments to identify claimants who are so severely impaired that they cannot work at all and thus qualify for disability benefits. In this report, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) makes several recommendations for improving SSA's capacity for determining disability benefits more accurately and quickly using the HIV Infection Listings.

This second part of a 2-part issue of Infectious Disease Clinics, edited by Michael S. Saag, MD and Henry Masur, MD, is devoted to HIV/AIDS. This issue will address the prevention of HIV/AIDS with topics such as: Mother to Child Transmission; Treatment as Prevention; Barrier and Microbicides; Prevention of HIV/AIDS: Pre-exposure Prophylaxis; Post-Exposure Prophylaxis; HIV Vaccine, and a final article addressing the cure of HIV/AIDS.