The book is geared toward engineers and laser physicists involved in the development of laser-based systems, especially laser systems for directed energy applications. It begins with a review of basic laser properties and moves to definitions and implications of the various standard beam quality metrics such as M2, power in the bucket, brightness, beam parameter product, and Strehl ratio. The practical aspects of beam metrology, which have not been sufficiently addressed in the literature, are amply covered here. For those who are only interested in measuring Gaussian beams from commercial lasers, a reading of Chapter 1, Chapter 2 "What Your Laser Beam Analyzer Manual Didn't Tell You," and the first three sections of Chapter 6 "Cautionary Tales" will be sufficient. For those working in more off-the-map fields such as unique lasers, unstable resonators, multikilowatt lasers, MOPAs, or requirements generation and development, a reading of the entire text is recommended.

In this book, we have attempted to produce a reference on high resolution focused ion beams (FIBs) that will be useful for both the user and the designer of FIB instrumentation. We have included a mix of theory and applications that seemed most useful to us. The field of FIBs has advanced rapidly since the application of the first field emission ion sources in the early 1970s. The development of the liquid metal ion source (LMIS) in the late 1960s and early 1970s and its application for FIBs in the late 1970s have resulted in a powerful tool for research and for industry. There have been hundreds of papers written on many aspects of LMIS and FIBs, and a useful and informative book on these subjects was published in 1991 by Phil Prewett and Grame Mair. Because there have been so many new applications and uses found for FIBs in the last ten years we felt that it was time for another book on the subject.

This is the third and ?nal volume in a series of Lecture Notes based on the highlysuccessfulEuroSummerSchoolonExoticBeamsthathasbeenrunning yearly since 1993 (apart from 1999) and is planned to continue to do so. It is the aim of the series to provide an introduction to Radioactive Ion Beam (RIB) physics at the level of graduate students and young postdocs starting out in the ?eld. Each volume contains lectures covering a range of topics from nuclear theory to experiment to applications. Our understanding of atomic nuclei has undergone a major re-orientation over the past two decades and seen the emergence of an exciting ?eld of research: the study of ‘exotic’ nuclei. The availability of energetic beams of short-lived nuclei, referred to as ‘radioactive ion beams’ (RIBs), has opened the way to the study of the structure and dynamics of thousands of nuclear species never before observed in the laboratory. This ?eld has now become one of the most important and fast-moving in physics worldwide. And it is fair to say that Europe leads the way with a number of large international projects starting up in the next few years, such as the FAIR facility at GSI in Germany. From a broader perspective, one must also highlight just how widely RIB physics impacts on other areas, from energy and the environment to medicine and materials science.

Radiation therapy has developed and advanced dramatically in the last few decades. However, very little has been published or done in the area of biologically optimized treatment planning. Development of Biologically Optimized Radiation Therapy aims to fill and close an important gap in the literature with a well-focused and in-depth content.The book covers the biological, physical and clinical background of advanced biologically based radiation therapy optimization with focus on modern radiation therapy modalities such as electron, photon and light ion therapy. Highly recommended for its strong interdisciplinary profile, the book contains a meritorious compilation of previously unpublished materials in many areas of modern science. Undergraduates, researchers and practitioners such as oncologists, medical physicists and radiation biologists alike should find the book immensely informative and comprehensively thorough.

Innovative Development in Micromanufacturing Processes details cutting edge technologies in micromanufacturing processes, an industry which has undergone a technological transformation in the past decade. Enabling engineers to create high performance, low cost, and long-lasting products, this book is an essential companion to all those working in micro and nano engineering. As products continue to get smaller and smaller, the field of micromanufacturing has gained an international audience. This book looks at both approaches of micromanufacturing: top-down and bottom-up. The top-down approach includes subtractive micromanufacturing processes such as microturning, micromilling, microdrilling, laser beam micromachining, and magnetic abrasive finishing. The bottom-up approach involves additive manufacturing processes such as micro-forming, micro deep drawing, microforging, microextrusion, and microwelding. Additionally, microjoining and microhybrid manufacturing processes are discussed in detail. The book also aids engineers and students in solving common manufacturing issues such as choice of materials and testing. The book will be of interest to those working in micro and nano engineering and machining, as well as students in manufacturing engineering, materials science, and more.