This study examined the relationship between individual values and value congruence and job satisfaction, organizational commitment, task performance, and organizational citizenship behavior. The present study was conducted with 192 sales personnel in a sales organization with offices along the eastern seaboard of the United States. The values systems this study examined included Hofstede's Work-Related Values System (1994) and O'Reilley, Chatman, and Caldwell's (1989) Person-Organization Profile Values System. A questionnaire was developed to measure Hofstede's Social, Power, Uncertainty, and Goal orientations. The relationship between the values within O'Reilley, Chatman, and Caldwell's Organizational Culture-Profile was also examined via a factor and item analyses. The analyses yielded three value dimensions: Interpersonal, Ambiguity, and Achievement. It was hypothesized that individual level values on Hofstede's Social, Power, and Goal Orientation would predict job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and organization citizenship behavior. It was also expected that individual level values on Hofstede's Goal Orientation would predict task performance. In terms of the fit between the individual and organizational values, it was hypothesized that fit on Hofstede's four dimensions and O'Reilley, Chatman, and Caldwell's three dimensions would predict job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and organization citizenship behavior. Also, it was expected that fit in terms of Hofstede's Goal Orientation and O'Reilley, Chatman, and Caldwell's Achievement Dimension would predict task performance. Results for the relationship between individual values, value congruence, and job outcomes provided partial support for the hypotheses. Hofstede's Uncertainty Orientation significantly predicted job satisfaction (r = -.20). Specifically, individuals who espoused more uncertainty avoiding values exhibited higher levels of satisfaction. Hofstede's Social Orientation (r = -.19) and Goal Orientation (r = -.25) were also found to significantly predict organizational commitment. Individuals who espoused more collectivist and aggressive goal behavior values exhibited greater levels of organizational commitment. Results for fit indicated that person-organization fit on Hofstede's Power Orientation significantly predicted job satisfaction (r = .17) and organizational commitment (r = .24). Fit on O'Reilley et al.'s Achievement Dimension was also found to be significantly related to task performance (r = .22). The impact of values and fit on job outcomes may have large implications for the financial success of some companies as well as the satisfaction and commitment of employees. Future research should explore other value systems and explore other operationalizations of fit.

The growing interest in multiple commitments among researchers and practitioners is evinced by the greater attention in the literature to the broader concept of work commitment. This includes specific objects of commitment, such as organization, work group, occupation, the union, and one's job. In the last several years a sizable body of research has accumulated on the multidimensional approach to commitment. This knowledge needs to be marshaled, its strengths highlighted, and its importance, as well as some of its weaknesses made known, with the aim of guiding future research on commitment based on a multidimensional approach. This book's purpose is to summarize this knowledge, as well as to suggest ideas and directions for future research. Most of the book addresses what seems to be the important aspects of commitment by a multidimensional approach: the differences among these forms, the definition and boundaries of commitment foci as part of a multidimensional approach, their interrelationships, and their effect on outcomes, mainly work outcomes. Two chapters concern aspects rarely examined--the relationship of commitment foci to aspects of nonwork domains and cross-cultural aspects of commitment foci--that should be important topics for future research. Addressing innovative focuses of multiple commitments at work, this book: *suggests a provocative and innovative approach on how to conceptualize and understand multiple commitments in the workplace; *provides a thorough and updated review of the existing research on multiple commitments; *analyzes the relationships among commitment forms and how they might affect behavior at work; and *covers topics rarely covered in multiple commitment research and includes all common scales of commitment forms that can assist researchers and practitioners in measuring commitment forms.

Commitment is one of the most researched concepts in organizational behavior. This edited book in the SIOP Organizational Frontiers series, with contributions from many scholars, attempts to summarize current research and suggests new directions for studies on commitment in organizations. Commitment is linked to other concepts ie. satisfaction, involvement, motivation, and identification and is studied across cultural lines. Both the individual and group levels of building and maintaining commitment are discussed.

This book concentrates on the last twenty years of research in the area of goal setting and performance at work. The editors and contributors believe goals affect action, and this volume has a lineup of international contributors who look at the recent theories and implications in this area for IO psychologists and human resource management academics and graduate students.

Work Motivation: History, Theory, Research, and Practice provides unique behavioural science frameworks for motivating employees in organizational settings.