Explores the uses of Yiddish language in German literary and cultural texts 1781 until the late nineteenth century. This book explores the uses of Yiddish language in German literary and cultural texts from the onset of Jewish civil emancipation in the Germanies in 1781 until the late 19th century. Showing the various functions Yiddish assumedat this time, the study crosses traditional boundaries between literary and non-literary texts. It focuses on responses to Yiddish in genres of literature ranging from drama to language handbooks, from cultural criticism to the realist novel in order to address broader issues of literary representation and Jewish-German relations in the 18th and 19th centuries. Professor Grossman shows how the emergence of attitudes toward Jews and Yiddish is directly related to linguistic theories and cultural ideologies that bear a complex relationship to the changing social and political institutions of the time. Amidst the rise of national ideologies and modern anti-Semitism, the increasing consolidation of institutions, and the drive to cultural homogeneity in the 18th- and 19th-century German context, Yiddish functioned as an anarchic element that, in the view of its opponents, "threatened" to dissolve German nationalculture. Grossman locates the response to Yiddish in the context of historical events (the Hep Hep Riots of 1819, the Revolution of 1848) and institutional changes (Jewish legal emancipation, the promotion of Bildung as an educational and cultural ideal). In its methodology and its focus, this study seeks to show how the conflicted responses to the Yiddish language point to the problems that connected and frequently divided Jews and Germans as they soughtto re-invent themselves for a new and unsettling context.

English summary: The essays in this collected volume deal with the phenomenon of military mobilisation by civilians outside regular armies. The objects of study are militias, civil defense groups and nationalist or working class 'combat groups' that in conventional military or political history are usually represented as less effective and provisional than professional or conscripted armies. In contrast, the thesis of this book starts from the assumption that a comparative analysis of these irregular mobilisations can reveal new perspectives about the respective societies since the establishment of a militia or free corps (as opposed to regular or professional armies) was based less on standard procedures or constituencies than on actual power constellations, collective ideas of political order, and political culture. In this volume, 15 German and two English essays present a basis for such a comparative analysis of 'informal militia groups' in Europe from the Renaissance to the present day. German description: Die Beitrage dieses Sammelbands behandeln das Phanomen der militarischen Mobilisierung von Zivilisten ausserhalb regularer Armeen. Zum Untersuchungsgegenstand werden damit all jene Milizen, Burgerwehren und nationalistischen oder auch proletarischen Kampfgruppen, die in der konventionellen Militar- und Politikgeschichte im Schatten der Berufs- und Wehrpflichtarmeen standen und die als wenig geschichtswirksame Provisorien dargestellt wurden. Demgegenuber geht dieser Band von der These aus, dass gerade eine vergleichende Analyse dieser irregularen Mobilisierungen neue Perspektiven auf die jeweilige Gesellschaft eroffnen kann, war doch die Aufstellung einer Miliz oder eines Freikorps weniger stark durch normierte Verfahren als durch situative Herrschaftskonstellationen, kollektive Ordnungsvorstellungen und die politische Kultur getragen. Fur eine solche vergleichende Analyse der Mobilisierung von Nicht-Militars in Europa zwischen Renaissance und Gegenwart legen die vorliegenden 15 deutschen und zwei englischen Beitrage erstmals eine Grundlage.

An argument that social, political, and economic systems maintain power by discarding certain people, places, and things. Discard studies is an emerging field that looks at waste and wasting broadly construed. Rather than focusing on waste and trash as the primary objects of study, discard studies looks at wider systems of waste and wasting to explore how some materials, practices, regions, and people are valued or devalued, becoming dominant or disposable. In this book, Max Liboiron and Josh Lepawsky argue that social, political, and economic systems maintain power by discarding certain people, places, and things. They show how the theories and methods of discard studies can be applied in a variety of cases, many of which do not involve waste, trash, or pollution. Liboiron and Lepawsky consider the partiality of knowledge and offer a theory of scale, exploring the myth that most waste is municipal solid waste produced by consumers; discuss peripheries, centers, and power, using content moderation as an example of how dominant systems find ways to discard; and use theories of difference to show that universalism, stereotypes, and inclusion all have politics of discard and even purification—as exemplified in “inclusive” efforts to broaden the Black Lives Matter movement. Finally, they develop a theory of change by considering “wasting well,” outlining techniques, methods, and propositions for a justice-oriented discard studies that keeps power in view.

What relation is there between the existence of a work of art and that of a living being? Between the existence of an atom and that of a value like solidarity? These questions become our own each time a reality—whether it is a piece of music, someone we love, or a fictional character—is established and begins to take on an importance in our lives. Like William James or Gilles Deleuze, Souriau methodically defends the thesis of an existential pluralism. There are indeed different manners of existing and even different degrees or intensities of existence: from pure phenomena to objectivized things, by way of the virtual and the “super-existent,” to which works of art and the intellect, and even morality, bear witness. Existence is polyphonic, and, as a result, the world is considerably enriched and enlarged. Beyond all that exists in the ordinary sense of the term, it is necessary to allow for all sorts of virtual and ephemeral states, transitional realms, and barely begun realities, still in the making, all of which constitute so many “inter-worlds.”