A close relationship exists between GIS and numerous applications, including cartography, photogrammetry, geodesy, surveying, computer and information science, and statistics, among others. Scientists coined the term "geographic information science (GIScience)" to describe the theory behind these fields. A Research Agenda for Geographic Information Science extensively details the issues and fundamental scientific problems that must be solved if the use of GIS in these and other fields is to advance. Immediately following the founding of the University Consortium for Geographic Information Science (UCGIS), the group identified in a Research Agenda the topics that represented major challenges to the GIS research community. The first chapter of this book delivers an introduction to the agenda and to the collective guidance that the agenda provides to researchers. Chapters 2-10 discuss nine original research challenges. Chapters 11-14 provide the basis of the agenda's four "Emerging Themes." Each chapter, written by researchers involved in the conception of the topics, discusses basic research elements, the UCGIS approach, the need for the National research agenda, contributions to knowledge and society, and offers a complete set of references. The final section draws general conclusions about the UCGIS approach and the defined research challenges.

Geographic Information Systems for the Social Sciences: Investigating Space and Place is the first book to take a cutting-edge approach to integrating spatial concepts into the social sciences. In this text, authors Steven J. Steinberg and Sheila L. Steinberg simplify GIS (Geographic Information Systems) for practitioners and students in the social sciences through the use of examples and actual program exercises so that they can become comfortable incorporating this research tool into their repertoire and scope of interest. The authors provide learning objectives for each chapter, chapter summaries, links to relevant Web sites, as well as suggestions for student research projects.

Geographic Information Systems: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications is a collection of knowledge on the latest advancements and research of geographic information systems. This book aims to be useful for academics and practitioners involved in geographical data.

Advances in technology and media have fundamentally changed the way people perceive research, how research studies are conducted, and the ways data are analyzed/how the findings are presented. Emerging internet-enabled technological tools have enhanced and transformed research in education and the way educators must adapt to conduct future studies. Advancing Educational Research With Emerging Technology provides innovative insights into cutting-edge and long-standing digital tools in educational research and addresses theoretical, methodological, and ethical dimensions in doing research in the digital world. The content within this publication examines such topics as computational linguistics, individualized learning, and mobile technologies. The design of this publication is suited for students, professors, higher education faculty, deans, academicians, researchers, and practitioners looking to expand their research through the use of a broad range of digital tools and resources.

As the use of geographical information systems develops apace, a significant strand of research activity is being directed to the fundamental nature of geographic information. This volume contains a collection of essays and discussions on this theme. What is geographic information? What fundamental principles are associated with it? How can

Geographic Information Analysis provides up-to-date coverage of the foundations of spatial data analysis through visualization and maps. This book covers key spatial concepts, including point pattern, line objects and networks, area objects, and continuous fields, as well as such new subjects as local statistics. With crucial methods for analyzing geographical information, this is an essential reference for professionals as well as a useful text for the classroom.

The history and future of geographic information (GI) in the context of big data creates new avenues of concern over its organization, access and use. In this book the authors explore both the background and present challenges facing the preservation of GI, focusing on the roles of librarians, archivists, data scientists, and other information professionals in the creation of GI records for its organization, access, and use.