The Old Prussian language has always puzzled linguists. While other Baltic languages, such as Lithuanian and Latvian, have remained in use to the present day, Old Prussian was extinguished at the beginning of eighteenth century, and the extant Old Prussian linguistic corpus is quite limited in scope. Drawing on two bilingual vocabularies and three Lutheran Catechisms (as well as onomastic evidence and several other minor texts), this work critically explores the linguistic and historiographical contours of Old Prussian.

TRENDS IN LINGUISTICS is a series of books that open new perspectives in our understanding of language. The series publishes state-of-the-art work on core areas of linguistics across theoretical frameworks, as well as studies that provide new insights by approaching language from an interdisciplinary perspective. TRENDS IN LINGUISTICS considers itself a forum for cutting-edge research based on solid empirical data on language in its various manifestations, including sign languages. It regards linguistic variation in its synchronic and diachronic dimensions as well as in its social contexts as important sources of insight for a better understanding of the design of linguistic systems and the ecology and evolution of language. TRENDS IN LINGUISTICS publishes monographs and outstanding dissertations as well as edited volumes, which provide the opportunity to address controversial topics from different empirical and theoretical viewpoints. High quality standards are ensured through anonymous reviewing.

This is the first publication in English of Otto Büsch's important and original study of the origins of militarism in Prussia. First published in German in 1962, it remains unsurpassed in its highly original approach to the origins and development of the unique military system by which Prussia vaulted to great power status in the eighteenth century and to the leadership of a unique Germany in the nineteenth century. That system created by Frederick William I (1713-1740), required the full mobilization of the human and material resources of a still overwhelmingly agrarian country. Both the landowning nobility and the peasantry had to be the integrated in the system - the nobility as officers and the peasantry as common soldiers. From these circumstances arose a military system that merged and became identical with the social system in the countryside itself - the relationship of subordination and dependency of the peasant to the nobleman being transferred from the rural manor to the army. Noblemen gained new social and political prominence through their identification with army officership and became preferred appointees to the civilian bureaucracy. The close identification between noble status and army officership not only perpetuated a military-aristocratic governmental system, but also produced the habits of command and obedience in Prusso-Germany society still fatefully apparent in the first half of the twentieth century.

The rise of Prussia and subsequent unification of Germany under Prussia was one of the most important events in modern European history.However, the fact that this unification was brought about as a result of the Prussian military has led to many misconceptions about the nature of Prussia, and consequently of Germany, which persist to this day. This collection sets out to correct them. Beginning in 1830, and finishing with the official dissolution of Prussia by the Allies in 1947, the book takes a broad approach: chapters cover the conservatives and the monarchy, industrialisation, the transformation of the rural and urban environment, the labour movement, the tensions between Catholics and Protestants within the state, and the debate about the links between Prussian militarism and the final tragedy of Nazi Germany. By focusing on the social, religious and political tensions that helped define the course of Prussian history, the book also throws light on the development of modern German history.

The German socialist Friedrich Engels first developed an interest in the philosophy of G. W. F. Hegel, prior to forming a permanent partnership with Karl Marx to promote the socialist movement. After persuading the second Communist Congress to adopt their views, the two friends drafted the ‘Communist Manifesto’ of 1848. After Marx’s death in 1883, Engels was the foremost authority on Marx and Marxism. He produced wide-ranging works of his own, including philosophical writings on materialism, idealism and dialectics. His important work helped supply Marxism with an ontological and metaphysical foundation. This eBook presents Engels’ collected works, with numerous illustrations, rare texts, informative introductions and the usual Delphi bonus material. (Version 1) * Beautifully illustrated with images relating to Engels’ life and works * Concise introductions to the major texts * All of the major treatises, with individual contents tables * Features rare works appearing for the first time in digital publishing * Images of how the books were first published, giving your eReader a taste of the original texts * Easily locate the texts you want to read * Features Karl Kautsky’s early biography – discover Engels’ incredible life * Ordering of texts into chronological order and genres CONTENTS: The Works The Condition of the Working Class in England (1845) The Holy Family (1845) The German Ideology (1845) The Anniversary of the Polish Revolution of 1830 (1847) Preface to ‘On the Question of Free Trade’ (1848) The Communist Manifesto (1848) Address of the Central Committee to the Communist League (1850) England’s 17th Century Revolution (1850) The Peasants’ War in Germany (1850) Revolution and Counter-Revolution (1852) The Heroes of the Exile! (1852) The Real Issue in Turkey (1853) On Afghanistan (1857) Mountain Warfare in the Past and Present (1857) Po and Rhine (1859) The Prussian Military Question and the German Workers’ Party (1865) What Have the Working Classes to Do with Poland? (1866) Synopsis of Marx’s ‘Das Kapital’ (1868) Fictitious Splits in the International (1872) La Liberté Speech (1872) On Authority (1872) The Housing Question (1872) The Bakuninists at Work (1873) On Social Relations in Russia (1874) The Program of the Blanquist Fugitives from the Paris Commune (1874) For Poland (1875) Life of Wilhelm Wolff (1876) The Part Played by Labour in the Transition from Ape to Man (1876) Karl Marx (1877) Anti-Dühring (1877) Socialism: Utopian and Scientific (1880) Bruno Bauer and Early Christianity (1882) Engels’ Speech at the Grave of Karl Marx (1883) Dialectics of Nature (1883) The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State (1885) On The History of the Communist League (1885) Feuerbach (1886) The Mark (1892) The Peasant Question in France and Germany (1894) The Biography Frederick Engels: His Life, His Work and His Writings (1899) by Karl Kautsky

This landmark collection explores the origins and foundations of music education in Europe, The Americas, Africa and Asia-Pacific, and the Middle East, and considers the inclusion of music as part of the compulsory school curriculum in the context of the historical, social and political landscape. Within each chapter, the contributors explore the following key areas: - the aims, objectives and content of the music curriculum - teaching methods - the provision and training of teachers of music - the experiences of pupils This fully revised second edition includes new chapters on Brazil, Israel, Kosovo, Lithuania, and Turkey, along with questions to encourage reflection and discussion. A concluding chapter has been added to encourage readers to consider the evolution of music education globally. The Foreword for this new edition has been written by Sheila Woodward, President of the International Society for Music Education. Contributors have been carefully selected to represent countries that have incorporated music into compulsory schooling for a variety of reasons resulting in a diverse collection which will guide future actions and policy.