The primary endeavor of this book is to provide an insight to the Forward Error Correction schemes so as to transfer the extracted features of the detected objects along with any intended data in a reliable manner through underwater channel. The main challenge with respect to the development of the coding techniques is the phenomena governing the propagation of signals through the underwater channel. It offers the biggest challenge imposing severe limitations on the effective throughput of transmission. The major problems encountered in the underwater channel are related to time-varying ISI and frequency-selective fading. An extensive literature review has also been presented with respect to Error Correction Coding schemes. This survey provided the necessary base for formulating the design alternatives. These alternatives attempted to exploit the recent advances in the error correction coding techniques, for data communication through underwater channel. Factors like design and implementation complexity of error correction schemes and the amount of overheads involved in transmission have also been considered in the critical assessment of these alternatives. An overview of the Sonar theory has also been presented along with the brief introduction of the forward-looking Sonars. The types of Forward-Looking Sonars have also been discussed in very brief. A comparison of the general parameters of the terrestrial and underwater systems is also carried out along with the variations in the path loss offered by the two systems with frequency and distance. The characteristics of propagation in the underwater medium are also elaborated. Underwater Channel modeling is also introduced in the book along with a study of the Rician and Rayleigh models which characterize the fading environment. The Rician and Rayleigh distributions are compared in terms of their application to real world scenarios. In the real underwater scenario, there is also a direct path along with the diffused/ indirect paths. Therefore, the most suitable model that can be used for testing the designed coding schemes is the Rician Fading model (K-factor = 2) along with the Additive White Gaussian Noise. The various Forward Error Correction Schemes have been discussed for the purpose of achieving reliable transmission of the formulated data block. The designs of the two Convolutional coding schemes i.e. rate 1/n and rate n/(n+1) have also been presented. It is observed from the comparison of Convolutional and TCM coding schemes that improvement in the performance of either code can be obtained with increase in the coding rate. The Turbo Codes have also been introduced and it will be seen that the performance of turbo code is sensitive to its code structure. The problem of the application of turbo codes to underwater communication systems has also been addressed. The main disadvantage of the Turbo codes is their long latency due to their relatively large codewords and iterative decoding process. However, the Turbo codes score over the Convolutional and the TCM codes in that they can be made sufficiently random to achieve a given BER and by using iterative methods, can be efficiently and feasibly decoded. The designed coding algorithm has been incorporated into the various configurations of the Turbo coding scheme. The variation in the configurations is in the coding rate and the number of states. The interleaver used in the design has been chosen as the random interleaver. The Turbo Coding Schemes have been designed by implementing the Convolutional coders as the constituent encoders using the proposed design rules. The design has been carried out for the 1/n and the n/(n+1) code rates with various states. The performance analysis of the proposed turbo schemes is also presented in terms of the Bit Error Rate (BER) achieved.

Acoustic shallow-water data communications are unreliable. Repeated retransmission of a message received incorrectly often results in transmitter failure due to battery depletion. Internet connectivity to underwater entities via current network protocols does not exist, since most research in data communications has been focused on the physical layer and the underwater channel itself. Therefore, the problems addressed by this thesis are to find a way to increase the reliability of underwater data communications, as well as to specify the steps which need to be taken to enable Internet Protocol (IP) packets to be transmitted over an underwater channel. The approach taken was to add a Hamming forward error-detection and error-correction code to messages, thereby reducing the need for retransmission. This code was implemented in a PC-based communications system which uses commercially available diver's communication and navigation devices as acoustic modems. In a related effort, the internet Protocol stack was analyzed for areas which required modification to enable IP to be reliably passed over an acoustic channel. The results are a low-cost reliable underwater data communications system which can easily be implemented in an AUV or underwater sensor, as well as recommendations for improved protocols required to realize true network communications in an underwater environment.

Underwater acoustics, despite the relatively short history, has already found practical application in many areas of human activity. It allows, among others, depth research, data transmission, and underwater observation and provides maritime transport safety and security against terrorists. Moreover, underwater acoustic technologies are also widely used in medicine, biology, and many other fields. Therefore, it is one of the most developing areas. This book is a collection of experiences of scientists from around the world engaged in research, design, and construction, as well as the daily use of underwater acoustic systems. Giving this book in the hands of the reader, we hope that it will be a treasure trove of knowledge and inspiration for further research in the field of underwater acoustics.

The topic of "Energy Efficiency in Communications and Networks" attracts growing attention due to economical and environmental reasons. The amount of power consumed by information and communication technologies (ICT) is rapidly increasing, as well as the energy bill of service providers. According to a number of studies, ICT alone is responsible for a percentage which varies from 2% to 10% of the world power consumption. Thus, driving rising cost and sustainability concerns about the energy footprint of the IT infrastructure. Energy-efficiency is an aspect that until recently was only considered for battery driven devices. Today we see energy-efficiency becoming a pervasive issue that will need to be considered in all technology areas from device technology to systems management. This book is seeking to provide a compilation of novel research contributions on hardware design, architectures, protocols and algorithms that will improve the energy efficiency of communication devices and networks and lead to a more energy proportional technology infrastructure.

This book presents the proceedings of the International Conference on Wireless Intelligent and Distributed Environment for Communication (WIDECOM 2018), organized by SRM University, NCR Campus, New Delhi, India, February 16-18, 2018. The conference focuses on challenges with respect to the dependability of integrated applications and intelligence-driven security threats against the platforms supporting these applications. The WIDECOM 2018 proceedings features papers addressing issues related to the new dependability paradigms, design, control, and management of next generation networks, performance of dependable network computing and mobile systems, protocols that deal with network computing, mobile/ubiquitous systems, cloud systems, and Internet of Things (IoT) systems. The proceeding is a valuable reference for researchers, instructors, students, scientists, engineers, managers, and industry practitioners, in industry, in the aforementioned areas. The book’s structure and content is organized in such a manner that makes it useful at a variety of learning levels. Presents the proceedings of the International Conference on Wireless Intelligent and Distributed Environment for Communication (WIDECOM 2018), organized by SRM University, NCR Campus, New Delhi, India, February 16-18, 2018; Includes an array of topics related to new dependability paradigms, design, control, and management of next generation networks, performance of dependable network computing and mobile systems, protocols that deal with network computing, mobile/ubiquitous systems, cloud systems, and Internet of Things (IoT) systems; Addresses issues related to the design and performance of dependable network computing and systems and to the security of these systems.

This book brings together papers presented at the 4th International Conference on Communications, Signal Processing, and Systems, which provides a venue to disseminate the latest developments and to discuss the interactions and links between these multidisciplinary fields. Spanning topics ranging from Communications, Signal Processing and Systems, this book is aimed at undergraduate and graduate students in Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Mathematics, researchers and engineers from academia and industry as well as government employees (such as NSF, DOD, DOE, etc).

Collecting and processing data is a necessary aspect of living in a technologically advanced society. Whether it's monitoring events, controlling different variables, or using decision-making applications, it is important to have a system that is both inexpensive and capable of coping with high amounts of data. Technological Breakthroughs in Modern Wireless Sensor Applications brings together new ways to process and monitor data, and to put it to work in everything from intelligent transportation systems to healthcare to multimedia applications. This book is an essential reference source for research and development engineers, graduate students, academics, and researchers interested in intelligent engineering, internetworking, routing, and network planning algorithms.