"The addition of solar panels to forecasting energy demand and peak energy demand presents an entirely new challenge to a facility. By having to account for the varying energy generation from the solar panels on any given day based on the weather it becomes increasingly difficult to accurately predict energy demand. With renewable energy sources becoming more prevalent, new methods to track peak energy demand are needed to account for the energy provided by renewable sources. We know from previous research that Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Auto Regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models are both capable of accurately forecasting building demand and peak electric load days without the presence of solar panels. The goal of this research was to take three different approaches for both the ANN model and the ARIMA model to find the most accurate method for forecasting monthly energy demand and peak load days while considering the varying daily solar energy production. The first approach used was to forecast net demand outright based on relevant historical training data including weather information that would help the models learn how this information affected the overall net demand. The second approach was to forecast the building demand specifically based on the same relevant historical data and then use a random decision tree forest to predict the cluster of day that each day of the month would be in terms of solar production (high, medium with early peak, medium with late peak, low). After the type of day was predicted we would subtract the average solar energy production of the predicted cluster to receive our forecasted net demand for that day. The third approach was similar to the second, but instead of subtracting the average of the cluster we subtracted multiple randomly generated days from that cluster to provide multiple overlapping forecasts. This was specifically used to try and better predict peak load days by testing the hypothesis that if 80% or higher predicted a peak day it would in fact be a peak day. The ANN model outperformed the ARIMA for each approach. Forecasting multiple days was the best of the three approaches. The multiple day ANN forecast had the highest balanced accuracy and sensitivity, the net demand ANN approach was the 2nd most accurate approach and the average solar ANN forecast was the 3rd best approach in terms of balanced accuracy and sensitivity. Based on the outcomes of this study, consumers and institutions such as RIT will be better able to predict peak usage days and use preventative measures to save money by reducing their energy intake on those predicted days. Another benefit will be that energy distribution companies will be able to accurately predict the amount of energy customers with personal solar panels will need in addition to the solar energy they are using. This will allow a greater level of reliability from the providers. Being able to accurately forecast energy demand with the presence of solar energy is going to be critical with the ever-increasing usage of renewable energy."--Abstract.

"The adoption of electricity generation from renewable sources, as well as the push for a speedy electrification of sectors such as transportation and buildings, makes peak electric load management an essential aspect to ensure the electric grid’s reliability and safety. Utilities have established peak load charges that can amount to up to 70% of electricity costs to transfer the financial burden of managing these loads to the consumers. These pricing schemes have created a need for efficient peak electric load management strategies that consumers can implement in order to reduce the financial impact of this type of load. Research has shown that the impact of peak load charges can be reduced by acting on the intelligence provided by peak electric load days (PELDs) forecasts. Unfortunately, published PELDs forecasting methodologies have not addressed the increasing number of facilities adopting behind the meter renewable electricity generation. The presence of this type of intermittent generation adds substantial complexity and other challenges to the PELDs forecasting process. The work reported in this dissertation is organized in terms of its three main contributions to the body of knowledge and to society. First, the development and testing of a first of its kind PELDs forecasting methodology able to accurately predict upcoming PELDs for a consumer regardless of the presence or absence of renewable electricity generation. Experimental results showed that 93% and 90% of potential savings (approximately US$ 142,129.01 and US$ 123,100.74) could be achieved by a consumer with and a consumer without behind the meter solar generation respectively. The second contribution is the development and testing of a novel methodology that allows virtually any type of consumer to determine an efficient electricity demand threshold value before the start of a billing period. This threshold value allows consumers to proactively trigger demand response actions and reduce peak demand charges without receiving any type of signal or information from the utility. Experimental results showed 65% to 82% of total potential demand charge reductions achieved during a year for three different consumers: residential, industrial, and educational with solar generation. These results translate to US$ 149.09, US$ 23,290.00, and US$ 107,610.00 in demand charges savings a year respectively. As a third contribution, we present experimental results that show how the implementation of machine learning based ensemble classification techniques improves the PELDs forecasting methodology’s performance beyond previously published ensemble techniques for three different consumers."--Abstract.

The overarching aim of this open access book is to present self-contained theory and algorithms for investigation and prediction of electric demand peaks. A cross-section of popular demand forecasting algorithms from statistics, machine learning and mathematics is presented, followed by extreme value theory techniques with examples. In order to achieve carbon targets, good forecasts of peaks are essential. For instance, shifting demand or charging battery depends on correct demand predictions in time. Majority of forecasting algorithms historically were focused on average load prediction. In order to model the peaks, methods from extreme value theory are applied. This allows us to study extremes without making any assumption on the central parts of demand distribution and to predict beyond the range of available data. While applied on individual loads, the techniques described in this book can be extended naturally to substations, or to commercial settings. Extreme value theory techniques presented can be also used across other disciplines, for example for predicting heavy rainfalls, wind speed, solar radiation and extreme weather events. The book is intended for students, academics, engineers and professionals that are interested in short term load prediction, energy data analytics, battery control, demand side response and data science in general.

This paper aims to forecast high-resolution (hourly) aggregated load for a certain region in the medium term (a few days to over a year). One region is defined as some places with similar climate characteristics because the climate influences people's daily lifestyles and hence the electric usage. We decompose the electric usage records into two parts: base load and seasonal load. Considering both temperature and time factors, different deep-learning methods are adopted to characterize them. The first goal of our approach is to predict the peak load which is critical for power system planning. Furthermore, our proposed forecast method can provide the depiction of the hourly load profile to provide customized load curves for high-level real-time applications. The proposed method is tested on real-world historical data collected by CAISO, BPA, and PACW. The experimental results show that trained by three years of data, our method could reduce the prediction error for a one-year lead hourly load below $5\%$ MAPE, and predict the occurrence of the peak load for next year in CAISO with an error within three days. Furthermore, as a byproduct, an interesting observation on the impact of COVID-19 on human life was made and discussed based on these case studies.

Economic development is impacted significantly by conventional energy sources, which are hazardous to humans and the environment. To meet the energy demand and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the world is shifting towards alternate renewable energy sources. Photovoltaics (PV) is the most common distributed energy source for microgrid formation and one of the world's top renewable energy sources because of their modular design, minimal operational noise, and ease of maintenance. Solar photovoltaic systems, which are photovoltaic panels that turn sunlight into electricity, are one of the most common renewable energy sources. PV production is strongly dependent on solar irradiation, temperature, and other weather conditions. Predicting solar irradiance implies predicting solar power generation one or more steps ahead of time. Prediction increases photovoltaic system development and operation while providing numerous economic benefits to energy suppliers. There are numerous applications that employ prediction to improve power grid operation and planning, with the appropriate time-resolution of the forecast. Stability and regulation necessitate knowledge of solar irradiation over the following few seconds. Reserve management and load following require knowledge of solar irradiation for the next several minutes or hours. To function properly, scheduling and unit commitment requires knowledge about the next few days of solar irradiation. It is crucial to precisely measure solar irradiation since the major issue with solar energy is that it fluctuates because of its variability. Grid operators can control the demand and supply of power and construct the best solar PV plant with the help of accurate and reliable solar irradiance predictions. Electric utilities must generate enough energy to balance supply and demand. The electric sector has consequently focused on Solar PV forecasting to assist its management system, which is crucial for the growth of additional power generation, such as microgrids. Forecasting solar irradiance has always been important to renewable energy generation since solar energy generation is location and time-specific. When the estimated solar generation is available, the grid will function more consistently in unpredictable situations since solar energy generates some quantity of power every day of the year, even on cloudy days.