Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience and the most frequent causes for patients to seek medical care. Persistent chronic pain affects millions of people worldwide, causing low quality of health and emotional status, as well as posing a significant social and economic burden. Chronic pain is the long-standing pain that are classified as different types, including chronic primary pain and secondary pain types caused by various diseases. The complexity of cause and symptom in chronic pain is associated with changes in different levels of nervous system, from molecular interaction, synaptic connection, cellular response, and neural circuits. The development of new treatments to manage chronic pain shall base on the better standing of the neuropathological mechanism underlying the symptom, the exploration on the methods of a better diagnosis, and the communication of clinical application standards and results.

This comprehensive reference provides a detailed overview of current concepts regarding the cause of Parkinson's disease-emphasizing the issues involved in the design, implementation, and analysis of epidemiological studies of parkinsonism.

The relationship between chronic pain and addiction Patients with chronic pain understandably seek relief from their distress and discomfort, but many medications that alleviate pain are potentially addictive, and most chronic pain conditions only have a temporary response to opiate analgesic drugs. This volume reviews the fundamental topics that underlie the complex relationships of this controversial domain. The authors review behavioral models and practical methods for understanding and treating chronic pain and addiction including methods to formulate patients with complex comorbidity and screen patients with chronic pain for addictive liability. Finally, the authors describe the current findings from clinical and basic science that illuminate the role of opiates, cannabinoids and ketamine in the treatment of chronic pain. Up to date and comprehensive, this book is relevant to all professionals engaged in the care of patients with chronic pain or addiction and all others interested in these contemporary issues, particularly non-clinicians seeking clarity in the controversy over the best approach to patients with chronic pain.

A high percentage of patients with dementia experience debilitating pain. Untreated, it can result in mental and physical impairment; a higher frequency of neuropsychiatric symptoms such as agitation, depression, and sleep problems; and adverse events such as falls, hallucination, and even death. With the help of Pain in Dementia, you can learn new ways to give these patients a better quality of life! A multidisciplinary team of leading experts navigates the complex clinical challenges associated with pain among these patients. They identify the sources of pain, even in patients who have trouble communicating, and recommend the most effective pain treatment options.

This textbook provides an overview of pain management useful to specialists as well as non-specialists, surgeons, and nursing staff.

This handbook is currently in development, with individual articles publishing online in advance of print publication. At this time, we cannot add information about unpublished articles in this handbook, however the table of contents will continue to grow as additional articles pass through the review process and are added to the site. Please note that the online publication date for this handbook is the date that the first article in the title was published online.